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plains indians

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a member of one of the tribes of American Indians who lived a nomadic life following the buffalo in the Great Plains of North America

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populist party

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a former political party in the United States formed in 1891 to advocate currency expansion and state control of railroads

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gettysburg

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The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

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charles sumner

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senator from Massachusetts who was attacked on the floor of the Senate (1856) for antislavery speech; he required three years to recover but returned to the Senate to lead the Radical Republicans and to fight for racial equality. authored Civil Rights Act of 1875.

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preston brooks

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Responsible for beating radical republican Charles Sumner with his cane

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second great removal

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tenant farmer

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a farmer who works land owned by someone else

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sharecropping

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system of farming in which works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop

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states' rights philosophy

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wanted weak federal government and strong state government wanted by the South

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antietam

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the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

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williams v. mississippi

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1898 - The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

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homestead act

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Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

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andrew johnson

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was elected Vice President and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated; was impeached but acquitted by one vote

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ex parte merryman

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A Supreme Court case that Chief Justice Taney's ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional without an act of Congress. Lincoln openly defied the ruling by suspending it for the arrest of anti-Unionists during the Civil War. This shows how a president can sometimes overstep their power.

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roger b. taney

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Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made

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deflation

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prices were going down

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dawes act

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An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

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appotomax courthouse

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The place where Lee surrendered in April that ended the civil war.

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munn v. illinois

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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

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william t. sherman

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general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resoures, beginning of total warfare

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freedmen's bureau

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Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

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vagrancy act

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tenure of office

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passed by Congress in 1867 -stated that the president cannot fire any appointed officials without consent of Congress - Congress passed this act knowing that Johnson would break it - Johnson fired Stanton without asking Congress, thus giving Congress a reason to impeach him

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national farmers alliance

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similar to grange movement. they called for Gov. regulation of the railroad and reduction of high tariff to encourage trade.

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henry grady

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managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.

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ocala platform

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Demanded, among other things, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of sub treasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people.

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13th amendment

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abolished slavery

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14th amendment

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Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

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15th amendment

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citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

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compromise of 1877

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Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

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omaha platform

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the 1892 platform of the Populist party repudiating laissez-faire and demanding economic and political reform

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copperheads

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Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group.

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salmon p. chase

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debt peonage

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cant get outta debt

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burke act

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all American males between twenty-one and thirty-five years of age registered for the draft. The government selected men through a lottery system. If drafted, a man served for twelve months. According to the Burke-Wadsworth Act's provisions, drafted soldiers had to remain in the Western Hemisphere or in United States possessions or territories located in other parts of the world.

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wabash v. illinois

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1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

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booker t. washington

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African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

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w.e.b. dubois

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He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP. graduated harvard

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radical republicans

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Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

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mississippi plan

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In 1875, the Democrats put this plan together. They armed their members, ended Rep meeting, patrolled voter registration places & marched through black areas

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knights of labor

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1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

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plessy v. ferguson

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supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal

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granger laws

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(GC) , Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

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atlanta compromise

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argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

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kkk act

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Third of Enforcement Acts to protect Black voters that outlawed the characteristic actions of the KKK - forming conspiracies, wearing disguises, resisting law officers, and intimidating government officials

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whiskey ring

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During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

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dorthea dix

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Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

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southern farmers' alliance

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organized in 1889 by Charles W. Marcune and William Lam, wanted to restore democracy, proclaimed "Equal rights to all, special privledges to none".

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pap singleton

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set up African American settlements in Kansas

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black codes

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laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

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interstate commerce commission

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government agency organized to oversee railroad commerce

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winfield scott

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mexican war hero and briefly commanded union army

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orville babcock

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Grant's personal advisor who was involved in the "Whiskey Ring"

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henri jomini

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two basic principles of strategy - concentrate against fractions of the enemy force at a time and to strike at the most decisive objective. Theory used

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10% plan

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This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

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wade-david bill

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president could appoint governor to conquered states, if majority pledged allegiance talk of constitution without slavery and old southern leaders would commence,, allowed former Confederate states to return to the Union when the majority of its voter had sworn an oath of loyalty to the US

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jay gould

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caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

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wounded knee

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In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

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anaconda plan

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Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

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jefferson davis

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President of the Confederate States of America

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samuel j. tilden

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was the Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. got popular vote but lost to rutheford hayes

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ida b. wells

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This person protested against lynching and spoke out in the newspaper Free Speech, asking the federal government for an anti-lynching law.

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