AP US History Chapter 14 – Flashcards
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What gave a rise to amore dynamic, market-oriented, national economy in early nineteenth-century?
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Push west in search of cheap land, vast number of European immigrants settling in the cities, newly invented machinery, better roads, raster steamboats, further reaching canals, tentacle-stretching railroads.
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What did Pioneering Americans marooned by geography become?
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Ill informed and individualistic in their attitudes
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What was going on in early-nineteenth-century America?
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Urban population was growing at an unprecedented rate
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What did the dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860 result in?
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Unsanitary conditions in many communities
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How can "ecological imperialism" be described?
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Aggressive exploitation of the West's bounty
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What did George Catlin advocate?
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Preservation of nature as a national policy
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What did the influx of immigrants to the US do in the 1840s and 1850s?
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Tripled, then quadrupled
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What was Irelands greatest export in the 1840s?
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People
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Describe the Irish immigrants in the early nineteenth-century?
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Roman Catholics and hated the British
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Where did the Irish stay in the US in the 1840s and why?
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Stayed in larger seaboard cities because they were too poor to move west and buy land
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Where did the "famine Irish" go when they came to America?
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They remained in the port cities of the Northeast
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Why did native-born Protestant Americans distrust and resent the Irish?
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The immigrants were Roman Catholic
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What did German immigrants in the early nineteenth century tend to do?
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Preserve their own language and culture
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Why did German immigrants come to the US?
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To escape economic hardships and autocratic government
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Did the German immigrants prosper with ease in the US?
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Yes
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Those who were frightened by the rapid influx of Irish immigrants organized what?
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The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
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What is nativism?
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The sentiment of fear and opposition to open immigration
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What did native-born Americans fear?
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Catholic immigrants to the US would "establish" the Catholic Church at the expense of Protestantism.
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Did immigrants coming to the US before 1860 help fuel economic expansion?
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Yes
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Who was the "Father of the Factory System"?
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Samuel Slater
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Who invented the cotton gin?
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Eli Whitney
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Where was most of the cotton produced in the American South sold to after the invention of the cotton gin?
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England
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What did the American phase of the industrial revolution first blossom with?
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Textile mills
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What was a result of the development of the cotton gin?
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Slavery revived and expanded
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What was an underlying basis for modern mass production?
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Interchangeable parts
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Who did the early factory system distribute its benefits to?
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The owners
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1. Samuel Morse 2. Cyrus McCormick 3. Elias Howe 4. Robert Fulton
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1. Telegraph 2. Reaper 3. Sewing machine 4. Steamboat
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How was the American work force in the early nineteenth-century characterized?
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Substantial employment of women and children in factories.
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What is one reason that the lot of adult wage earners improved?
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The enfranchisement of the laboring man
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How did the supreme court rule in the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt?
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The supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies
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What did the "cult of domesticity" do?
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Glorified the traditional role of women as homemakers
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Were early-nineteenth-century families getting smaller or bigger?
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Smaller
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What was one goal of the child-centered family of the 1800s?
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To raise independent individuals
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What was the effect of early-nineteenth-century industrialization on the trans-Allegheny West?
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To encourage specialized, cash-crop agriculture
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What did farmers face with the development of cash-crop agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West?
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Mounting indebtedness
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What was a major transportation project linking the East to the trans-Allegheny West in the 1790s
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Lancaster Turnpike
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What was a problem that western road building didn't face?
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Competition from canals
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What was a major application for steamboats transporting freight and passengers in the US?
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Western and southern rivers
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What did the "canal era" of American history began with?
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The construction of the Erie Canal in NY
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What did construction of the Erie Canal force some New England farmers to do?
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Move or change occupations
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Where were most early railroads in the US built?
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North
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Compared with canals, railroads could be built where?
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ANYWHERE
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Describe each region and what they specialized in for the new continental economy?
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South: Grew cotton West: Grains and livestock to feed eastern factory workers East: Machines and textiles for the other two regions
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What was a result of the transportation revolution?
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Each region in the nation specialized in a particular type of economic activity
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What connected the West and South? West and East?
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Steamboats = W/S Canals and railroads = W/E
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Name the legal questions raised as a result of the new market economy
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How tightly should patents protect inventions? Should the government regulate monopolies? Can a democratic government still support slavery? Who should own these new technologies?
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What was a result of the new continental market economy?
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The home came to be viewed as a refuge from the workday world
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What was a major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolution?
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A steady improvement in average wages and standards of living
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What was America's early-nineteenth-century population noted for?
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Restlessness
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What did factors encouraging the growth of immigration rates in the first half of the nineteenth century include?
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Rapid growth rate of the European population
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What was the growth of industry and the factory system in the US slowed by?
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Scarcity of labor
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Why did the Northeast become the center of early-nineteenth-century American industry?
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It had abundant water power
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What was the growth of early-nineteenth-century manufacturing stimulated by?
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The War of 1812
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What was America's factory system doing by 1850?
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Producing textiles
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What was the concentration of capital for investment in large-scale enterprises in the early nineteenth century promoted by?
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Wider acceptance of the principle of limited liability
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What did turnpikes, canals, and steamboats as new transportation links generally encourage?
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Lowering of freight rates
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What had in common speedy service?
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Clipper ships and the Pony Express
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Advances in manufacturing and transportation brought what to most Americans?
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More prosperity and opportunity
