AP Psychology: Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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Our tendency to focus at any moment on only a limited aspect of all that we are capable of experiencing is called ... This is illustrated using a figure called a ... cube.
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selective attention, Necker
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An example of this limited focus is the .... - the ability at attended selectively to only one voice among many.
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cocktail party effect
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One example of our lack of awareness of happenings around us is to, in which - after a brief ... interrupter - we fail to notice a change in the environment. Two fours of this phenomenon that involve vision and hearing, respective, are ... and ... Another example is: ...
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inattentional blindness, visual, change blindness, change deafness, choice blindness
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Illusions reveal the ways we normally ... and ... our sensations.
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organize, interpret
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The tendency of vision to dominate the other senses is referred to as ...
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visual capture
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In a contest between hearing and touch, ... dominates.
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hearing
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According to the ... school of psychology, we tend to organize a cluster of sensations in a ..., or form.
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Gestalt, whole
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Our tendency to perceive complete forms involves sensory analysis, or ... processing of stimuli, as well as ... processing that uses our .... and ... to interpret our sensations. The distinction between sensation and perception in terms of these two types of information processing is (clear cut/fuzzy)
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bottom-up, top-down, experiences, expectations, fuzzy
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When we view a scene, we see the central object or ..., as distinct from our surrounding stimuli, or the ...
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figure, ground
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Proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and connectedness are examples of Gestalt rules of ...
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grouping
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The principle that we organize stimuli into smooth, continuous patterns is called ....
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continuity
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The principle that we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object is ...
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closure
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The grouping of items that are close to each other is the principle of ...
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proximity
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The grouping of items that look alike is the principle of ...
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similarity
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The tendency to perceive uniform or attached items as a single unit is the principle of ...
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connectedness
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The ability to see objects in three dimensions despite their two-dimensional representations on our retinas is called ... It enables us to estimate ...
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depth perception, distance
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Gibson and Walk developed the ... to test depth perception in infants. By (what age?) infants demonstrate they are using Gestalt perception principles.
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visual cliff, 3 months
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Any cue that requires both eyes:
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binocular
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The greater the difference between images received by the two eyes, the nearer the object: ... 3-D movies simulate this cue by photographing each scene with two cameras. This chapter's fundamental lesson in that our ... are the construction of our ...
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retinal disparity, perceptions, brains
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The more our eyes focus inward when we view an object, the nearer the object:
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convergence
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Any cue that requires either eye alone:
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monocular
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If two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away: ...
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relative size
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An object partially covered by another is seen as farther away:
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interposition
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Objects that appear hazy are seen as farther away:
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relative clarity
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As an object becomes increasingly distant, it appears progressively less distinct:
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texture gradient
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Objects lower in the visual field are seen as nearer:
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relative height
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As we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates:
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relative motion
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Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance:
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linear perspective
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Dimmer, or shaded, objects seem farther away.
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light and shadow
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In general, we are (very good/not very good) at quickly detecting the speed of moving objects. Sometimes, we are fooled because larger objects seem to move (faster/more slowly) than smaller objects.
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very good, more slowly
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The brain interprets a rapid series of slightly varying images as ... This phenomenon is called ...
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movement, stroboscopic movement
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The illusion of movement that results when two adjacent stationary spots of light blink on and off in quick succession is called the ...
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phi phenomenon
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Our tendency to see objects as unchanging while the stimuli from them change in size, shape, and lightness is called ...
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perceptual constancy
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This (bottom-up/top-down) processing enables us to identify things regardless of ..., ..., or ... by which we view them.
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top-down, angle, distance, illumination
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Due to shape and size constancy, familiar objects (do/do not) appear to change shape or size despite changes in our .. images of them.
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do not, retinal
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Several illusions, including the .., ..., and ... illusions, are explained by the interplay between perceived .. and perceived ... When distance cues are removed, these illusions are (diminished/strengthened)l
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Moon, Ponzo, Muller-Lyer, size, distance, diminished
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People who have lived their lives in uncarpentered rural environments are (more/less) susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion.
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less
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The brain computes an object's brightness (relative to/independent of) surrounding objects.
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relative to
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The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings is called ...
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relative luminance
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Thanks to ... we see objects as having a constant hue relative to surrounding objects.
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color constancy
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The idea that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences was proposed by the philosopher ...
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Kant
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One the other side were philosophers who maintained that we learn to perceive the world by experiencing it. One philosopher of this school was ...
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Locke
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Studies of cases in which vision has been restored to a person who was blind from birth show that upon SEEING tactilely familiar objects for the first time, the person (can/cannot) recognize them.
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cannot
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Studies of sensory deprivation demonstrate the visual experiences during ... are crucial for perceptual development. Such experiences suggest that there is a ... for normal sensory and perceptual development. For this reason, human infants born with an opaque lens, called a ..., typically have corrective surgery right away.
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infancy, critical period, cataract
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Humans given glasses that shift or invert the visual field (will/will not) adapt to the distorted perception. This is called ...
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will, perceptual adaptation
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Animals such as chicks (adapt/do not adapt) to distorting lenses.
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do not adapt
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When distorting goggles are first removed, most people experience a brief perceptual ..., as their perceptual systems continue to compensate for the shifted visual input.
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aftereffect
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A mental predisposition that influences perception is called a ...
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perceptual set
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Through experience, people acquire perceptual ..., as reflected in children's drawings at different ages. This explains why we more accurately recognize ... of famous faces that these people's actual faces.
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schemas, caricatures
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Our face recognition is especially attuned to the expressive areas of the ... and ...
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eyes, mouth
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How a stimulus is perceived depends on our perceptual schemas and the ... in which it is experienced.
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context, stereotypes
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The context of a stimulus creates a (top-down/bottom-up) expectation that influences our perception as we match our (top-down/bottom-up) signal against it.
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top-down, bottom-up
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Our perception is also influenced by ... about gender and the ... context of our experiences.
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stereotypes, emotional
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Psychologists who study the importance of considering perceptual principles in the design of machines, appliances, and work settings are called ... psychologists.
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human factors
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Victims of the "curse of knowledge," technology developers who assume that others share their ..., may create designs that are unclear to others.
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expertise
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Another example of failure to consider the human factor in design is the "...." technology that provides embarrassing headsets that amplify sound for people with hearing loss.
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assistive listening
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Perception outside the range of normal sensation is called ...
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extrasensory perception
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Psychologists who study ESP are called ...
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parapsychologists
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The form of ESP in which people claim to be capable of reading others' minds is called ... A person who "senses" that a friend is in danger might claim to have the ESP ability of ... An ability to "see" into the future is called ... A person who claims to be able to levitate and move objects is claiming the power of ...
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telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, psychokinesis
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Analyses of psychic visions and premonitions reveal (high/chance-level) accuracy. Nevertheless, some people continue to believe in their accuracy because vague predictions often are later ... to match events that have already occurred. In addition, people are more likely to recall or ... dreams that seem to have come true.
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chance-level, interpreted; reconstruct
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Critics point out that a major difficult for parapsychology is that ESP phenomena are not consistently ...
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reproducible
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Researchers who tried to reduce external distractions between a "sender" and a "receiver" in an ESP experiment, reported performance levels that (beat/did not beat) chance levels. More recent studies (failed to replicate the results/found equally high levels of performance).
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beat, failed to replicate the results
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The philosopher ... first proposed that we perceive objects through the senses, with the mind.
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Plato
