AP Psych Ch.7- Meek – Flashcards
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cognition
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mental activities associated with thinking, processing, understanding, remembering and communication
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cognitive psychologists
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these people study mental activities such as concept formation, problem solving, decision making, and judgment formation
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mental imagery
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procedural memory, mental images (pictures), visualization in mind (mental maps)
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concept (schema)
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ideas or mental groupings
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superordinate
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general concepts
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subordinate
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specific concepts
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formal
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concepts with rules
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natural
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concepts formed from experience
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prototype
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mental image that best represents a category
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trial-and-error
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try a method continuously until there is a solution by chance
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algorithm
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every possibility is tried; methodical, step-by-step. can take lots of time
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heuristics
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"rule-of-thumb" shortcut, thinking strategies to help come to a quick solution. Not completely accurate
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representative
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heuristic that uses a prototype to sort objects and ideas. can lead one to ignore relevant information
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availability
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heuristic. first thing that pops into mind. what comes most readily (ex/plane crash)
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insight
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sudden moment of clarity, "aha"
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mental set
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tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it was successful in the past
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confirmation bias
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tendency to search for information confirming one's beliefs
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fixation
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refusal to think of one's ideas in a different way
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functional fixation
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tendency to think of objects in terms of how they are usually used/original functions
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overconfidence
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tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimate accuracy of self
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belief bias
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distort one's thinking to prove that self is right; affects one's thinking patterns
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framing
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the way a question is asked affects decisions and judgments
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creativity
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new, novel, and valuable way to solve problems; requires expertise, imaginative thinking, adventurous personality, intrinsic motivation, and the right environment
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divergent thinking
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many solutions from one point
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csikszentmihaly
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flow: describes creativity, says that creative people are often contradictory
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creative process
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pave the way, incubation, illumination, translation
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language
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system for combining statements so unlimited number of meanings can be used to communicate with others. Spoken, written, gestures
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semantics
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study of the meaning of language.
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syntax
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how words are combined to produce a phrase
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grammar
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how phrases are structured and how sentences work
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phoneme
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smallest unit of language: letter sounds
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morpheme
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smallest unit of language with meaning
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pragmatics
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the politeness, courtesy, and social rules of a language
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cognitive universalism
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rosch-heider. theory that concepts are worldwide and influence the developments of a language. semanticity, arbitrariness, flexibility, naming, displacement, productivity
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skinner; chomsky
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___ believed that operant learning and experiences defined language, ___ believed that brain was pre-wired to learn language; all biological
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cognitive neuroscience
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gradual changes in neuro-network based on experience. throw on switches during infancy. language critical period: firsts 7 years
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babbling, one word stage, two word stage, telegraphic stage
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stages of language
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10
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at __ months an infant's language sounds like their home language(s)
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linguistic relativity hypothesis (sapir-whorf)
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theory that states thought process and concepts are controlled by language
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intelligence
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the ability to learn, adapt, solve porblems
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reification
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reasoning error: a number (such as IQ or ACT) is thought to measure success in life and intelligence completely, accepted as the standard for success though this is not true
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spearman
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theory that there is only one intelligence, the g factor (general intelligence), which is made up of s factors (specific intelligence)
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gardner
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theory that there are multiple intelligences; 8 to begin with, now there are more
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linguistic, logical/math, visual/spatial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existential
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9 intelligences of spearman
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sternberg's triarchic theory
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analytic, creative, and practical make up intelligence - three aspects of intelligence
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social intelligence
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ability to understand people, react well in a social situation, and manage oneself
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emotional intelligence
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Saloney and Mayor. EQ, ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate one's feelings, thoughts, and moods, empathy
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adults
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David Wechsler was the first to design an IQ test specifically for:
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visual-spatial intelligence
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Gardener would say that an astronaut is high in:
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emotional intelligence
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_________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled
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validity
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If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has:
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a way to identify students in need of more help with learning
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Intelligence testing began in France because French educators wanted:
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analytical, creative, practical
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Sternberg's three types of intelligence are
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cultural bias
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The Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test was designed to highlight:
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environmental factors
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Only differences among people in general can be investigated for the influence of genes because genes always interact with:
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ecological validity
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___________ is the extent to which a test score accurately reflects the intended skill or outcome in real-life situations
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intelligence is largely inherited
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In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray made the unfounded claim that:
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emotional intelligence
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_________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled
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schizophrenia
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A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ________, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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Whorf used the now-famous example of the Inuits' many words for snow to support the:
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syntax
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The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is:
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syntax
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"Michael painted the picture" and "the picture was painted by Michael" have the same semantic meaning but different:
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books and bookshelves
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a person's schema for a library would most likely include:
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a mental set
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when solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in:
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creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives
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Csikszentmihalyi found that:
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natural concepts
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________ form as the result of people's experiences in the real world
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divergent thinking
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Making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires:
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WAIS-IV
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Brian is 25 years old and wants to take an intelligence test. Which of the following tests would be best for Brian to complete?
