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agriculture

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the deliberate modification of Earths surface through the cultivation of plants and raising of animals to obtain sustenance or economical gain

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domestication

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taming an animal to have on a farm or cultivating a plant for food

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hearths of domestication

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the places where cultivation of plants and keeping of animals originated. (Americas, parts of Asia esp. Fertile Crescent and Africa)

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first agricultural revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

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12,000 years ago was that lead to study population increase and the first civilizations

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The Fertile Crescent

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cradle of civilization, hearth of early agriculture and civilization. located in the Middle East, southwest Asia. fertile soil from flood plains of surrounding rivers: Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates

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Columbian Exchange

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the trade process that bridged the gap between the Americas and the rest of the world. brought horses to America and corn to the rest of the world

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terrace farming

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farming that makes multiple small flat areas on hilly or mountainous areas to allow for adequate farming. popular in the mountains of Southeast Asia.

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irrigation

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the transport of water from its source to the place, usually a farm or garden, where it is needed, using a variety of methods.

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deforestation

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the process of cutting down the trees in a forest to clear the area or use the trees

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wetland draining

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the draining of wetlands, swamps, or beaches to create more land for development and expansion of human growth.

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second agricultural revolution

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lined up with Industrial Revolution (17-18 century) more food than ever, people moving to cities, more machines

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third agricultural revolution (Green Revolution)

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1950-60: rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers to LDC's; decreased world hunger, but polluted water sources and made droughts, high seed cost too

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high-yield seeds

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seeds that produce more food per farming cycle than other wild varieties

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chemical farming

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farming techniques that use high quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to accommodate for less fertile soil or genetically modified seeds

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mechanized farming

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farming techniques that rely on machines

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pesticides

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chemicals that kill pests and bugs

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herbicides

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chemicals that kill weeds

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fertilizers

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chemicals that are used to increase the speed, size, tolerance and overall yielded crops

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bioclimatic zones

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regions of the planet that share a common climate and biological makeup of plant/animals

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mediterranean climate

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the nice weather found surrounding the Mediterranean Sea and in California. places border a sea and have sea breezes, usually west coasts.

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Pastoral nomadism

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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

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subsistence farming

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agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer in the farmers family

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commercial farming

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agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off of the farm

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intensive land-use

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any farming practices that is done in smaller amounts and usually requires more intensive care by the farmer for success. Often urban. More valuable. Meat, dairy, fruits and veggies

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market gardening

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small scale production of fruit veggies flowers as cash crops which are frequently sold directly to customers

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plantation agriculture

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tobacco, cotton, bananas, sugarcane, coffee; Caribbean and tropics and subtropics

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mixed crop/livestock systems

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crops are grown to feed the livestock as the livestock produce fertilizers for the crops. Excess crocs are sold or eaten. Central North America and Europe

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extensive land use

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any farming that is done over a large area where the agricultural density is low and it usually requires less management by farmers; girl with more open space. Grains and cattle

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shifting cultivation

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slash and burn agriculture that rotates between plots of land typically found in south east Asia sub-Saharan Africa and South America

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transhumance

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moving livestock from one grazing location to another in a seasonal cycles. Key part of pastoral nomadism

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ranching

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do you domestication of livestock to make a living such as cattle hogs and poultry. Common in western United States South America central Asia Australia and southern Africa

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agribusiness

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The businesses that provide goods and services to support the agricultural industry

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commodity chain

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link products from growth to processing to manufacturing of final product to the distribution of the product

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clustered settlement pattern

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many buildings that are grouped together and are often found in the low land areas and a along roads

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dispersed settlement pattern

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buildings are spread out and are often found in hilly or mountainous areas

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linear settlement pattern

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buildings that are built in lines along the road railroad or river

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Von Thünen's model

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analytical model used to show the relationship between markets, productions, and distance

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specialty farming

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farming crops that require special conditions that sell for higher prices areas were they cannot be grown

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desertification

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did degradation of land especially in semi arid areas primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

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biotechnology

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using scientific research to produce high yield crops and more productive animal by products

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genetically modified organisms

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alteration of plant, animal, or micro organisms DNA to genetically engineered organism that would not occur naturally

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organic farming

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A natural approach to farming that uses biological diversity to fight pests and not use as many chemicals

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aquaulture

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farming of aquatic organisms such as fish crustaceans mollusks and aquatic plants in a controlled environment

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sustainablitlty

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agricultural and industrial practice that promotes a limited for net neutral impact on the environment and it's ability to sustain natural practices

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soil degradation

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the decline in soil quality as a result of improper use

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biodiversity

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The variety of plants and animals in an ecosystem that is at in equilibrium

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overgrazing

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plants exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time or without sufficient recovery.

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aquifer depletion

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commercial farming needs lots of water and sometimes takes too much which creates...

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value-added specialty crops

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crops to have another product your item attach them to make them unique and able to be sort of a higher price, usually in tangible

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fair trade

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an alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and work owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages and permit union organizing and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards

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local-food movements

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sales of food and demand for food at locals farmers market's across the USA

Ap Human Geography Vocab Unit 5 Flashcard

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