Ap Human Geography Unit 7 Test Questions – Flashcards
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barridas / barrios / favelas
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illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters that surround large cities
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bid-rent theory / peak land value
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the amount of land different land users are prepared to pay for locations at various distances from the city center
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blockbustering
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the rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging ethnic minorities to move to previously white neighborhoods
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CBD - Central Business District
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the downtown heart of a central city, marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce and the clustering of the tallest buildings
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census tract
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small districs used by the US Census Bureau to survey the population
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cityscapes
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an urban landscape
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colonial city
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a city founded by colonialism or an indigenous city whose structure was deeply influenced by western culture
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commercialization
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the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity
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commuter zone
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the outermost zone of the concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential surburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work
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counter-urbanization
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a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas
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decentralization
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the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city
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disamenity sector
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The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.
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economic base
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the manufacturing and service activities preformed by the basic sector; functions of a city preformed to satisfy demands external to the cirty itself, earning income to support the urban population
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-basic sector
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those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside of the city itself, earning income for the community
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-nonbasic sector
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those economic activites of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication
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edge city
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distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower that central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas
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emerging cities
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a city currently without much population but is increasing in size at a fast rate
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entrepot
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a trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit
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ethnic neighborhoods
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a neighborhood, typically situated in larger metropolitan cities and constructed by or comprised of local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
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female-headed household
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a household dominated by a woman
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gateway city
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a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
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gender
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the social difference between men andwomen rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex
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gentrification
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trend of mid to high-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architechture and also replacing the low-income population
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ghettoization
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process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty, as rich whites move out to the suburbs
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global cities
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centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce
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great cities
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cities with populations over one million
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greenbelt
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a ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space that limit the sprawl of an urban area
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high tech corridors
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areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products
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hinterland
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the sphere of economic influence of a town or city
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indigenous city
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a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a place
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in-filling
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building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development
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informal sector
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economic activities that take place beyond official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulations or remuneration
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infrastructure
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the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity
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inner city
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the central area of a major city; in the US it often applied to the poorer parts of the city center where people are less educated and wealthy where there is more crime
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invasion and succession
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process by which new immigrants to a city move to dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups
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lateral commuting
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traveling from one suburb to another and going from home to work
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megacities
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cities with more than 10 million people
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megalopolis
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a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
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conurbantion
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an agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment
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metropolitan statistical area
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area with a city of 50 thousand or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city
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micropolitan statistical area
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an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
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multiplier effect
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the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity; in urban geography, the expected addiction of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's local employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment
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planned community
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a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan
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postindustrial city
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a city exhibiting the characteristics of a postindustrial society
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postmodern urban landscape
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the material character of a postmodern urban area
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primate city
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a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country's larges city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well
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racial steering
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the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
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rank-size rule
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in a modern urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
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redlining
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a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be high risk for housing loans
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restrictive covenants
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a statement written into a property deed that restrics the use of land in some way
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segregation
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the separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
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site
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the physical position in relation to the surroundings
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situation
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the position determined by non-physical attributes in relation to its surroundings
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squatter settlement
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residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
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street patterns
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the way in which streets are designed grid- streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion dendritic- characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry access- provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway
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suburb
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a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.
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suburbanization
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movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions
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tenement
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a building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
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threshold
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in the central place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible
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range
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in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service
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underemployment
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a situation in which people work less than full time even though they would prefer to work more hours
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urban growth rate
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the rate of growth of an urban population
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urban hearth area
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a region in which the world's first cities evolved
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urban hierarchy
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a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic function
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under morphology
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the form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size and shape of buildings
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urban realm
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the spatial componenets of the modern metroplis, where each realm is a separate economic, social, and polititical entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitian framework
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urbanized population
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the proportion of a country's population living in cities
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world city
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one of the largest cities in the world, generally with a ppulation of over 10 million
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zone in transition
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an area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD
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zoning
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dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
