AP Human Geography, Unit 3 – Flashcards
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| ACCULTURATION |
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| Occurs when a less-dominent culture comes into contact w/ & adopts traits from a more dominent culture. |
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| APARTHEID |
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| South Africa's Engish-Dutch imposed gov't segregating white & black inhabitants. |
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| BRANCH OF A RELIGION |
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| Large division within a religion. |
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| CULTURAL CONVERGENCE |
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| Occurs when one culture adopts a cultural attribute of another. |
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| CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY |
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| Field of human geo. that analyzes how & why culture is expressed in different ways in different places. |
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| CULTURAL HOMOGENEITY |
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| Occurs when cultures become the same, or uniform, & local diversity is decreased. |
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| CULTURAL IMPERIALISM |
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| Invasion of a culture into another w/ the intent of dominating the invading culture politically, economically, & or socially. |
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| CULTURE NATIONALISM |
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| Movement to protect one's culture from invasion or influence ; threat to one's own culture highly related to the emotional attachment an individualhas for his/her culture. |
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| CULTURE REGIONS |
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| Area in which a culture system is found or prevalent. |
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| CULTURE SYSTEMS |
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| Collection of culture complexes that shape a groups common identity. |
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| DENOMINATION OF A REGION |
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| Group of a common congregations within a branch of religion |
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| ENFRANCHISEMENT |
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| Right to vote |
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| ETHNIC ENCLAVE |
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| Another name for an ethnic neighborhood surrounded by an unwelcoming, discrimatory, or hostile ethnic group or groups |
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| ETHNOCENTRISM |
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using one's own cultural identity of the superior standard by which to judge other; often causes discriminatory behavior ; |
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| FEMALE INFANTICIDE |
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| murder of female infants |
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| GENDER GAP |
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| difference in social, econimic, ; political power and oppertunity between men and women |
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| GENDER IMBALANCE |
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| Unequal; # of men ; women in a place. |
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| GHETTO |
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| Ethnic neighborhood created by gov't, social, or economic pressures, causing people of ethnicity to live together. |
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| INDEPENDANT INNOVATION |
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| Invention of the same phenomenon by two culture hearths w/o each knowing about the others invention or, sometimes, existence. |
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| INDO-GANGETIC HEARTH |
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| Hearth near the Indus & Ganges rivers where Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism originated. |
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| LANGUAGE EXTINCTION |
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| Occurs when a people's language is no longer used in the world. |
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| LANGUAGE REPLACEMENT |
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| Occurs when invaders replace w/ their own language the language of the people whom; they conquer.; |
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| TRANSCULTURATION |
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| Equal exchange of cultural traits between two culture; a form of cultural convegence. |
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| LONGETIVITY GAP |
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| Difference between life expectancies of men ; women |
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| MALDAPTIVE DIFFUSION |
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Adoption of a difussing trait that is impractical for a region or culture.; -i.e. Mc.D moving to India |
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| MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE |
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| Death rate among women giving birth |
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| MIGRANT DIFFUSION |
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Type of relocation diffusion in which the spreading phenomenon's epicenter moves w/ the relocating group of users. (Think disease diffusion)
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| REGIONAL IDENTITY |
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| Common identification a group of people w/ a particular place. |
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| REVERSE RECONSTRUCTION |
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| Process of tracking a language diffusion. The process begins w/ the most recent places of the languages existence & moves backwards through time, comparing w/ people who use the same or similar words. |
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| S-CURVE DIFFUSION |
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| Diffusion often follows this pattern of a slower pace in the innovation stage, followed by a rapid diffusion pattern in the majority- adopter stage, & finishing in a slower- paced "Laggard" stage. |
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| SECT |
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| Small group that breaks away from a denomination within a religion's branch. |
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| SEMETIC HEARTH |
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| Hearth near modern- day Israel where Judaism, Christianity, ; Islam originated. |
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| SOCIAL DISTANCE |
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| Measurement tof how "distant" or different two ethnicities or social groups are from each other. |
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| SPACIAL DIFFUSION |
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| Spread of any phenomenon (Such as disease) across space ; time. Culture diffusion is a form of spacial diffusion in whichcultural phenomena diffuse. |
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| SYNCRETIC RELIGION |
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| Religion blending elements from various religions. |
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| STANDARD LANGUAGE |
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| Acceptable of a given language as declared by political or societal leaders. |
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| ENVIROMENTAL DETERMINISM |
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| people in more stable climates are more prone to succeed than people who live in tropical climates |
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| ANIMISM |
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| The doctrine that all natural objects ; the universe itself have souls. |
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| FOLK CULTURE |
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| SPATIAL DIFFUSION |
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| spread of anyphenomenon (such as disease) across space and time. culture diffusion in which cultural phenomena diffuse |
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| ASSIMILATION |
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| The process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structur. |
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| BARRIO |
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| An urban area in a Spanish-speaking country. |
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| LONGEVITY GAB |
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| difference between life expectancies of men and women |
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| MALADAPTIVE DUFFUSION |
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| adoption of a diffusing trait that is impractical for a region or culture |
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| CARL SAUCER |
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| An early 20th century geographer from California that shaped the field of human geography by arguing that cultural landscapes should be the main focus of geographic study. His study is basic to environmental geography, and his methods of landscape analysis provided a lens for interpreting cultural landscapes as directly and indirectly altered over time as a result of human activity |
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| CASTE SYSTEM |
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| System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven. |
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| INTRAFAITH BOUNDRIES |
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| boundries within a single major faith |
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| LANGUAGE DIVERGENCE |
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| the opposite of language convergence; new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects |
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| MONOLINGUAL |
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| people/places able to speak one language |
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| MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION |
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| belief system in which one supreame being is reserved as creator and arbiter of all that exists in theuniverse |
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| CREOLE |
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| A;mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages |
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| CULTURAL DIFFUSION |
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| The spread of cultural elements from one society to another |
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| UNIVERSALIZING RELIGION |
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| a belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is the one true universal in scope. |
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| TYPONYM |
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| place name |
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| THEORACY |
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| A;state whose government is under the controlof the of a ruler deemed to divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders, as in post-khomeini iran. the opposite of theocracy is a secular state |
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| TAOISM |
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| Beileived to have been founded by lao-tsu and based upon hisbook entitled "tao-te-ching" or "book of the way"; lao-tsu focused on the proper form of political rule on the oneness of humanity and nature |
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| SHINTOISM |
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| ;Mix between buddism and a local religion in japan, created shintoism. |
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| DOWRY DEATH |
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| When the bride of a family has to be killed because her family cannot pay the fee to marry her off. |
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| CONFUCIANISM |
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| Mainly a philosophy of life, it had a great and lasting impacts in chinese life; real meaning of life lay in the present. |
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| CULTURAL ECOLOGY |
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| The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural enviroment |
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| CULTURE COMPLEX |
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| A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking utensils |
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| CULTURAL HEARTH |
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| Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of major culture |
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| CULTURAL TRAIT |
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| A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban |
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| ETHNICITY |
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| Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture |
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| GENICODE |
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| The killing or extermination of an entire people or nation |
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| GENDER |
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Social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes. Notions of gender differences - that is, what is considered "feminine" or "masculine" - vary greatly over time and space |
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RACE |
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| A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biologiacal differences (especially skin color) are more important than others (e.g., height, etc.), even thought the latter miht have more significance in therms of human activity. With its roots in sixteenth-century England, the term is closely associated with European colonialism because of the impact of the development on global understandings of racial differences |
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| CULTURAL LANDSCAPE |
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| Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group |
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| CULTURE |
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| Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions |
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| DIASPORA |
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| ("to disperse") forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place (originally denoting the dispersal of the Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary relocation of Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese peoples outside of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong) |
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| ETHNIC CLEANSING |
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| Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. |
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| ETHNIC RELIGION |
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| A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. |
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| EXPANSION DIFFUSION |
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| The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area |
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| LINGUA FRANCA |
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| A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
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| MULTILINGUAL STATE |
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| Countries in which more than one language is spoken |
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| SHAMANISM |
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| Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world. |
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| SECULARISM |
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| A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations |
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| INTRAFAITH BOUNDARY |
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| the boundaries whin a major religion. |
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| MATERIAL COMPONENTS OF CULTURE |
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| piece of a cultural landscape that are tangible, such as clothing and architecture. |
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| NONMATERIAL COMPONENTS OF CULTURE |
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| pieces of a culture that are intangible, such as beliefs and attitudes. |
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| OFFICIAL LANGUAGE |
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| the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. |
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| PERCEPTUAL REGIONS |
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| regions that reflect human feelings and attitudes |
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| PIDGIN LANGUAGE |
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A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language. Also called contact language. |
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| POLITICAL ECOLOGY |
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| the Study of the politics of environmental changes that influence the changes in socioeconomic power relations of the people in a society which may be due to natural or human induced phenomena and development interventions. |
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| POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION |
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| belief in a plurality of gods in which each deity is distinguished by special functions. |
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| POPULAR CULTURE |
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| The culture of the masses, no matter what was taught in schools, continued to proliferate. |
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| POSSIBILISM |
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| PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN |
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| a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages |
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| SEQUENT OCCUPANCE |
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| RELOCATION DIFFUSION |
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| The spread of an idea through physical movement of people form one place to another. |
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| STIMULUS EXPANSION DIFFUSION |
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| The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place. Each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. |
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| SUNNI AND SHIITE MUSLIMS |
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| The branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad.is the second largest denomination of islam, after sunni islam. |
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| Alfred Weber |
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| Economic geographer developed a model for the location of manufactoring plants |
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| Informal Sector |
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| Illegal or unaccounted for economy that govn'ts do not tax & keep track of from garden to black market |
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| Industrialization |
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| industry pertaining of machines |
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| Global Warming Theory |
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| Troposheric polution causes earth to retain more heat & effect wont be felt til the 21st century |
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| Free Trade |
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| causes a countrys long term growth rate by expanding access to global tech & promoting chaos |
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| Teritiary Economic Activities |
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| economic activity accosiated with the provision of services such as transportation, retailing, education & routine office basic jobs |
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| Structualist Theorys |
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| a general term for a model of economic development that treats disporities amoung countries on regional the result of historicaly durrived power relation with the global economy |
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| Structual Adjustments |
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| Loans granted by international financial instructory such as the world trade & the international montery travel countries in the periffery & same in exchange for certain economic governmental economy in the country lux prival;ation of certain gov't entitles ; opening the country ti forein trade |
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| Special Economic Zone |
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| Specific area within a country in which tax ; economical regulations are implemented to attend forein investment |
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| Secondary Economic Activities |
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| Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials ; then transformation its finished industrial products, the manufacturing sector |
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| Least Cost Theory |
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| States that optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization |
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| Locational Interdependence |
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The response of a plant to its competitors in a given location. Plants may be attracted or repelled by the presence of rival plants and plan their locational strategies with regard to their competitors. Irregular arrangements may be made by two firms to locate so as to split the market between them.
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| Rowstow's Modernization |
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1) traditional society 2) preconditions to take-off 3) take-off 4) drive to maturity 5) age of high mass consumption |
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| Agglomeration |
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| A jumbled collection or mass |
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| Agglomeratation Economy |
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| A reduction in production cost the results when related firms locate near one another. Firms can be related as competitors in the same industry, by using the same inputs, or through providing output to the same demographic group. The fashion industry, for example, experiences agglomeration economies because they can share specialized inputs (photographers, models) that would be too expensive to employ full time. Retail stores have agglomeration economies when located in shopping malls because they have access to a large group of potential customers with lower advertising cost. Agglomeration economies is given as one of the primary reasons for the emergence of urban areas |
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| Asian Tigers |
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| Pakistani militant group, first publicised when they claimed credit for the kidnapping of former Pakistani intelligence officers |
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| Big Mac Index |
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| published by The Economist as an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity (PPP) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries. |
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| Comparative Advantage |
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| refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another |
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| Conglomerate Corporation |
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| A corporation that is made up of a number of different, seemingly unrelated businesses. In a conglomerate, one company owns a controlling stake in a number of smaller companies, which conduct buisness separately. Each of a conglomerate's subsidiary businesses runs independently of the other business divisions, but the subsidiaries' management reports to senior management at the parent company Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conglomerate.asp#ixzz2M8MCxAMt |
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| Commodification |
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| the process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought & sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that could be tradedd in the market economy |
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| Dependency Theory |
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| a structuralist that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. based on the idea that certain types of political & economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control & limit the extent to which regions can develop |
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| Deglomeration |
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| the process of an industrial deconsentration in responce to technological advances &/or increasing costs due to congrestion & competition |
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| Developing |
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| with respect to a country, making progress to a technology, production and socioeconomic welfare |
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| Export-Processing Zone |
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| zones established by many countries in the perifery & semi-perifery where thye offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to affect forein trade & investment |
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| Ford Production (Fordist) Method |
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| a highly organized & specialized system for organizing industrial production & labor. named after automobile producer Henry Ford, fordist production ft assembly-line production of standardized componets of mass consuption |
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| Globalization |
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| the expansion of the economic, political, & cultural processes to the point where they become global in scale & impact. the processes of globalization transcend state boundaries that have outcomes that vary across places and scales |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| the total value of all goods & services produced within a country durring a given year |
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| High-tech Corridor (Technopole) |
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| areas along neer major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and a scale of high-tech products. these areas develop bc of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-tech enterprises in close proximity to one another. "silicon valley" is a prime example of a high-tech corridor in the U.S. |
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| Industrial Revolution |
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| the term applied to the social & econimic changes in agriculture, comerence, & manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations & specialization in the late 18th century (Europe) |
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| Locational Interdependence |
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| theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's teritory as much as possible which therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base |
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| Maquiladora Zones |
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| zones in northern mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. the low-wage workers in the primaraly forein-owned factories assemble imported components ;/or raw materials ; then export finished goods |
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| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) |
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| international organization thatoperate outside of the formal political area but that are nevertheless influentialin spearheading internatinal on social, economic, ; enviromental issues |
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| Outsource |
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| with refrence to production, to turn over in part or in total to the 3rd party |
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| Primary Economic Activity |
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| economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural recources from the enviroment - such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture |
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| Quaternary Economic Activity |
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service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, ; manipulation of the information ; capital. *Examples: finance, administration, insurance, ; legal services |
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| More-developed country |
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| a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less developed nations |
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| development gap |
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| the disparity in development between the EMDW and ELDW. |
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| economy |
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| The wealth and resources of a country or region, esp. in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. |
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| ecotourism |
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| Tourism in exotic, often threatened, natural environments, esp. to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife. |
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| fair trade |
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| Trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries. |
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| footloose industry |
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| Footloose industry is a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as. |
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| foreign direct investment |
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| investing in United States businesses by foreign citizens (often involves stock ownership of the business). |
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| greenhouse effect |
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| The trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation. |
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| human development index (HDI) |
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| The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate. |
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| international trade approach |
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| The economic interaction among different nations involving the exchange of goods and services, that is, exports and imports. |
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| less-developed country |
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| Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low level of material well-being (not to be confused with third. |
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| liberal development theories |
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| Neither individualism nor the belief that freedom is a primary political good are immutable laws of history. |
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| market orientation |
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| (Market oriented) A market economy is economy based on the power of division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are. |
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| multinational corporation (MNC) |
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| A multinational corporation (MNC) trans national co-operation.(TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE), is a corporation or an. |
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| new industrial country (NIC) |
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| A term used by political scientists and economists to describe a country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere between the developing and first-world classifications. |
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| spatially fixed costs |
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| A cost that does not vary depending on production or sales levels, such as rent, property tax, insurance, or interest expense. |
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| new international division of labor |
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| Spread of different stages of manufacturing to locations in different countries, to exploit differences in factor costs and economies of. |
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| north-south gap |
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| the difference in attitudes or situation between people in the northern and southern parts of a country.In the US, the south is generally more conservative than the north, while in the UK the north isgenerally poorer than the south. |
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| pacific rim economic region |
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| The countries and landmasses surrounding the Pacific Ocean, often considered as a socioeconomic region. |
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| privatization |
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| changing something from state to private ownership or control |
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| purchasing power parity (PPP) |
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| Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory of long-term equilibrium exchange rates based on relative price levels of two countries. The. |
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| self-sufficiency approach |
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| able to supply one's own or its own needs without external assistance |
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| spatially variable costs |
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| ikely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeable. |
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| substitution principle |
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| In mathematics, substitution of variables (also called variable substitution or coordinate transformation) refers to the substitution of. |
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| sustainable principle |
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| Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. |
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| sustainable development |
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| Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs. |
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| weight-gaining process |
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| resources or advantage acquired or increased |
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| weight-losing process |
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| Your body weight comprises more than just fat and muscle. |
