AP Human Geography Unit 2- Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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Remittances
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Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.
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Reverse Remittances
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Money flow from an immigrants home country to it's host country (Mexico to the United States).
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Cyclic Movements
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Involves shorter periods away from home (Commuting, seasonal movement, nomadism).
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Periodic Movement
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Involves longer periods away from home (College attendance, military service, transhumance).
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Migration
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Involves a degree of permanence (may never return home).
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Activity Spaces
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Where people travel to and through daily.
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Nomadism
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Constantly moving from one place to the next; Purposeful and takes place along long-familiar routes repeated time and again.
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Migrant Labor
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Migrants come and work for a certain time period, then return home.
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Transhumance
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A system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures.
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Military Service
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Relocation of military personnel and family for certain periods of time.
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International Migration
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Movement across country borders (Transitional Migration).
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Immigration
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The act of a person migrating into a new country or area.
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Internal Migration
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Migration that occurs within a single country's borders.
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Emigrant
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One who migrates out; subtracts from population.
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Immigrant
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One who migrates in; adds to population.
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Forced Migration
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Imposition of authority/power, producing involuntary migration movements that can't be understood based on theories of choice (Political Persecution; DO NOT have opinion).
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Voluntary Migration
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Occurs after migrant weighs options and choices (DO have opinion).
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Laws of Migration
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1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration. 2. The majority of migrants move a shorter distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. (Ernst Ravenstein).
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Gravity Model
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Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.
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Push Factors
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Conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place (Individual considerations- work, retirement conditions, cost of living, personal safety and security; environmental catastrophes- weather, climate).
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Pull Factors
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Circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places, the decision of where to go (May depend on perceptions).
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Distance Decay
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Effects of distance on interaction (Greater the distance, less interaction).
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Step Migration
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Series of stages that make up a migration stream (route).
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Intervening Opportunity
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Nearer opportunities that diminish farther opportunities.
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Deportation
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Being sent back home.
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Kinship Links
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Where family and friends have already found success.
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Chain Migration
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Flows along and through kinship links.
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Immigration Wave
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Swells in migration from one origin to the same destination.
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Global-Scale Migration
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Takes place across international boundaries.
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Explorers
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A person examining a region that is unknown to them; includes surveyors and cartographers, played a huge part in mapping the world.
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Colonization
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A physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place bringing their government and people with them.
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Regional Scale
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Interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting.
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Islands of Development
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Port cities that become islands of economic development within larger undeveloped regions.
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Russification
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A policy that sought to assimilate all the people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture (expanding eastward).
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Guest Workers
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Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term.
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Refugees
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A person who leaves their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, political views, or membership in a social group.
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Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
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People who have been displaced within their own countries.
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Asylum
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The right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives.
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Repatriation
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The process of returning refugees to their homeland once the conflict has stopped and conditions improve.
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Genocide
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Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
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Immigration Laws
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Made by Congress to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California.
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Quotas
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Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year.
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Selective Immigration
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Practice in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering.
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Host Country
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The country to which a refugee relocates.
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Asylum Seeker
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A person who has moved across international borders in search of protection and filed a claim for asylum with the host country's government.
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The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)
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Established by the United Nations, the UNHCR is an international organization responsible for the protection of refugees worldwide.
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Migrant
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A person who moves to a foreign country for various reasons (employment, education, to reunite with family) usually for a year or more.
