Ap Human Geography Semester 1 Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
5 Themes of Geography
answer
location, space, scale, place, and pattern
question
spatial perspective
answer
the common bond that causes us to notice patterns of both natural and human environment, distributions of people, and locations of all kinds of objects
question
spatial organization
answer
the location of people, places, and events, and the connections among landscapes
question
cartography
answer
the art and science of map-making
question
Mercator Projection
answer
invented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569; intended to aid ship navigation across the Atlantic between Europe and the Americas. Makes direction accurate, but distorts size, especially near the Poles
question
Robinson Projection
answer
curves the Poles inward to fix distortions of the Mercator projection, but stretches them into long lines. Attempts to balance distortions in shape, size, distance and direction
question
Peter's Projection
answer
invented by Arno Peters in 1974, and focuses on making land masses equal in area, therefore distorting shape
question
grid pattern
answer
rectangular system of land survey, adopted universally by the Ordinance of 1785
question
scale
answer
a. size of unit studied, on a scale of small to large in terms of local, regional, or global scale b. map scale; the mathematical relationship between size of an area on a map and its actual size on earth
question
GIS
answer
Geographic Information System; a computer system that captures, stores, analyzes and displays geography data, combined in layers
question
GPS
answer
Global Positioning System; technology that uses a series of satellites, tracking stations and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth
question
demography
answer
description of people or populations
question
population density
answer
the number of people that live in a given area of land
question
physiological density
answer
measures the pressure people may place on the land to produce a sustainable amount of food
question
arithmetic density
answer
total number of people divided by total land area
question
overpopulation
answer
the circumstance of too many people for the land to support
question
carrying capacity
answer
the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis
question
population pyramids
answer
represent a population's age and sex composition
question
rate of natural increase
answer
a percentage of population growth
question
Total Fertility Rate
answer
the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
question
Agricultural Revolution
answer
the domestication of plants and animals, started in the Fertile Crescent around 1000 BCE
question
Industrial Revolution
answer
a period starting in the late eighteenth century in Britain that saw the introduction of mass production
question
Green Revolution
answer
the introduction of high-yielding crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into tradition Asian agricultural systems
question
doubling rate
answer
the length of time needed to double a population
question
crude birth rate
answer
the number of births in a given population per one thousand people
question
crude death rate
answer
the number of deaths in a given population per one thousand people
question
Zero Population Growth
answer
a stabilized population, created when an average of only two children per couple survive to adulthood
question
exponential growth rate
answer
a growth rate illustrated by a series of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
question
linear growth rate
answer
a growth rate illustrated by a series of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
question
Neo-Malthusians
answer
Adhere to Thomas Malthus' theory that populations increase too rapidly for food supplies to sustain
question
infant mortality rate
answer
the number of deaths among infants younger than one year of age in a population
question
life expectancy
answer
the average number of years a child can expect to live
question
Demographic Transition Model; Stage 1
answer
Low growth; high birth and death rates with a natural increase close to 0, associated with preindustrial societies
question
Demographic Transition Model; Stage 2
answer
High growth; birth and death rates both increase, associated with developing societies
question
Demographic Transition Model; Stage 3
answer
Moderate growth; fertility rates begin to fall, associated with a mature industrial society
question
Demographic Transition Model; Stage 4
answer
Low Growth; birth rates continue to fall, accompanied by steady death rates, associated with postindustrial societies
question
Emigration
answer
migration away from an area
question
Immigration
answer
migration to an area
question
distance decay
answer
the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from the point of origin
question
intervening opportunities
answer
the act of finding opportunities to settle before reaching an original destination
question
gravity model
answer
the measure of interaction amongst places
question
intervening obstacles
answer
physical features that halt or slow migration
question
Push factor
answer
a motivation for emigration
question
Pull factor
answer
a motivation for immigration
question
Types of push and pull factors
answer
economic (employment), cultural (slavery, refugee situations, politics, government control), and environmental (climate, elevations, seacoasts and disease)
question
U.S. Immigration Patterns
answer
1. Initial settlement of the colonies between 1776-1840 2. Emigration from Europe in the 19th and early 20th century 3. Immigration since 1945
question
activity space
answer
area in which an individual moves about while carrying out day-to-day activities
question
awareness space
answer
an individual's knowledge of opportunity locations
question
space-time prism
answer
the set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time
question
Environmental determinism
answer
the belief that physical environment actively shapes culture
question
Possibilism
answer
recognizes the importance of physical environment but states cultural heritage is just as important is shaping a culture/society
question
Environmental Perceptionism
answer
emphasizes human perception of environment rather than actuality of land, and the shaping of culture by perception
question
Cultural determinism
answer
states that human culture is more important than physical environment in shaping human actions
question
non-material culture
answer
the abstract concept of human values, behaviors, and beliefs
question
material culture
answer
culture illustrated by concrete human creations, called artifacts
question
culture region
answer
an area marked by a distinguishable culture unique to its region
question
culture trait
answer
a single attribute of a culture
question
culture complex
answer
common values, beliefs, behaviors and artifacts that make a group distinct from others in the area
question
culture system
answer
a group of interconnected culture complexes
question
cultural hearth
answer
an area where a civilization first began
question
expansion diffusion
answer
when an innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while spreading outward
question
contagious diffusion
answer
a type of expansion diffusion wherein almost all individuals and areas outward from the source region are affected
question
hierarchical diffusion
answer
a type of expansion diffusion wherein ideas and artifacts first spread between large places or prominent people and only later reach smaller groups or less prominent people
question
stimulus diffusion
answer
a type of expansion diffusion wherein a basic idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior
question
relocation diffusion
answer
diffusion that occurs when individual people or populations physically carry an innovation or idea from a source area to a new one
question
migrant diffusion
answer
a type of relocation diffusion wherein the spread of outward traits is slow enough that they weaken the area of origin by the time they reach other areas
question
acculturation
answer
occurs when a less dominant culture adopts traits of a more influential culture
question
assimilation
answer
when a culture completely absorbs a less dominant one
question
transculturation
answer
an equal exchange of cultural traits
question
ethnocentrism
answer
the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
question
cultural relativism
answer
the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
question
syncretism
answer
a fusion of old and new cultures, and an explanation of how and why cultural changes occur
question
language families
answer
related tongues that share a common ancestor
question
dialects
answer
variant forms of language where mutual comprehension is possible
question
pidgin language
answer
characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from languages of the groups in contact
question
creole language
answer
occurs when a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers
question
slang
answer
words and phrases not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but are nonetheless understood and used by some or most of its speakers
question
lingua franca
answer
a language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide language where it is not a mother language
question
language hotspots
answer
places home to the most unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages
question
toponym
answer
a place name
question
isogloss
answer
indicates the spatial borders of individual words and pronunciations
question
proselytizing religion
answer
also called a "universalizing religion"; a religion that attempts to be global in its appeal to all people
question
the Three Great Monotheistic Religions
answer
Judaism, Islam and Christianity
question
Roman Catholicism
answer
The largest branch of Chrisitanity, which includes 50% of all Christians and large concentrations of followers in Latin America, French Canada, Central African, and Southern and Eastern Europe
question
Protestantism
answer
The 2nd largest branch of Christianity, constituting 25% of all Christians with concentrations in North America, Northern Europe, Britain, South Africa and Australia
question
Eastern Orthodoxy
answer
Final branch of Christianity, including 10% of all Christians and concentrated mostly in Eastern Europe and Russia
question
Sunni
answer
The dominant branch of Islam, with 83% of all Muslims adhering to the belief that the successor of Muhmmad should be chosen in agreement amongst religious leaders
question
Shi'ite
answer
The lesser branch of Islam (16%), who believe that Muhammad's successor should be a blood relative
question
folk culture
answer
traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated areas
question
popular culture
answer
found in large, heterogeneous societies bonded by a common culture despite the many difference among people that share it
question
territoritality
answer
efforts to control pieces of the earth's surface for political or social ends
question
physical boundary
answer
often natural feautures, such as mountains, deserts, rivers, lakes and oceans that seperate nations
question
culture boundary
answer
set by an ethnic difference between groups, especially in a linguistic or religious aspect
question
sovereignty
answer
the ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within its boundaries independently from interface either on the outside or inside
question
types of boundary disputes
answer
1. Positional: regarding location of the border 2. Territorial: regarding ownership of a region near the border 3. Allocation: regarding natural resources 4. Functional: regarding border policies
question
primate city
answer
a capital city that is unrivaled in terms of size or influence by another city within a state
question
supranational organization
answer
a group of independent countries joined together for purposes of mutual interest
question
geopolitics
answer
the study of spatial and territorial dimensions of power relationships within the global political-territorial order
question
Heartland theory
answer
states that the "pivot area" of the earth -Eurasia- holds the resources, both natural and human, to dominate the globe
question
Rimland theory
answer
opposes the heartland theory by stating that the Eurasian Rim, not its heart, holds the key to global power
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New