Ap Human Geography Semester 1 Review – Flashcards
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5 Themes of Geography
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location, space, scale, place, and pattern
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spatial perspective
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the common bond that causes us to notice patterns of both natural and human environment, distributions of people, and locations of all kinds of objects
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spatial organization
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the location of people, places, and events, and the connections among landscapes
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cartography
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the art and science of map-making
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Mercator Projection
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invented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569; intended to aid ship navigation across the Atlantic between Europe and the Americas. Makes direction accurate, but distorts size, especially near the Poles
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Robinson Projection
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curves the Poles inward to fix distortions of the Mercator projection, but stretches them into long lines. Attempts to balance distortions in shape, size, distance and direction
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Peter's Projection
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invented by Arno Peters in 1974, and focuses on making land masses equal in area, therefore distorting shape
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grid pattern
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rectangular system of land survey, adopted universally by the Ordinance of 1785
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scale
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a. size of unit studied, on a scale of small to large in terms of local, regional, or global scale b. map scale; the mathematical relationship between size of an area on a map and its actual size on earth
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GIS
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Geographic Information System; a computer system that captures, stores, analyzes and displays geography data, combined in layers
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GPS
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Global Positioning System; technology that uses a series of satellites, tracking stations and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth
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demography
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description of people or populations
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population density
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the number of people that live in a given area of land
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physiological density
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measures the pressure people may place on the land to produce a sustainable amount of food
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arithmetic density
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total number of people divided by total land area
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overpopulation
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the circumstance of too many people for the land to support
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carrying capacity
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the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis
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population pyramids
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represent a population's age and sex composition
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rate of natural increase
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a percentage of population growth
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Total Fertility Rate
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the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
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Agricultural Revolution
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the domestication of plants and animals, started in the Fertile Crescent around 1000 BCE
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Industrial Revolution
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a period starting in the late eighteenth century in Britain that saw the introduction of mass production
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Green Revolution
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the introduction of high-yielding crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into tradition Asian agricultural systems
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doubling rate
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the length of time needed to double a population
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crude birth rate
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the number of births in a given population per one thousand people
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crude death rate
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the number of deaths in a given population per one thousand people
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Zero Population Growth
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a stabilized population, created when an average of only two children per couple survive to adulthood
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exponential growth rate
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a growth rate illustrated by a series of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
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linear growth rate
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a growth rate illustrated by a series of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
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Neo-Malthusians
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Adhere to Thomas Malthus' theory that populations increase too rapidly for food supplies to sustain
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infant mortality rate
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the number of deaths among infants younger than one year of age in a population
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life expectancy
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the average number of years a child can expect to live
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Demographic Transition Model; Stage 1
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Low growth; high birth and death rates with a natural increase close to 0, associated with preindustrial societies
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Demographic Transition Model; Stage 2
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High growth; birth and death rates both increase, associated with developing societies
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Demographic Transition Model; Stage 3
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Moderate growth; fertility rates begin to fall, associated with a mature industrial society
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Demographic Transition Model; Stage 4
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Low Growth; birth rates continue to fall, accompanied by steady death rates, associated with postindustrial societies
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Emigration
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migration away from an area
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Immigration
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migration to an area
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distance decay
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the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from the point of origin
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intervening opportunities
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the act of finding opportunities to settle before reaching an original destination
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gravity model
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the measure of interaction amongst places
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intervening obstacles
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physical features that halt or slow migration
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Push factor
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a motivation for emigration
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Pull factor
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a motivation for immigration
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Types of push and pull factors
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economic (employment), cultural (slavery, refugee situations, politics, government control), and environmental (climate, elevations, seacoasts and disease)
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U.S. Immigration Patterns
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1. Initial settlement of the colonies between 1776-1840 2. Emigration from Europe in the 19th and early 20th century 3. Immigration since 1945
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activity space
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area in which an individual moves about while carrying out day-to-day activities
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awareness space
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an individual's knowledge of opportunity locations
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space-time prism
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the set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time
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Environmental determinism
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the belief that physical environment actively shapes culture
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Possibilism
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recognizes the importance of physical environment but states cultural heritage is just as important is shaping a culture/society
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Environmental Perceptionism
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emphasizes human perception of environment rather than actuality of land, and the shaping of culture by perception
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Cultural determinism
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states that human culture is more important than physical environment in shaping human actions
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non-material culture
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the abstract concept of human values, behaviors, and beliefs
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material culture
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culture illustrated by concrete human creations, called artifacts
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culture region
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an area marked by a distinguishable culture unique to its region
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culture trait
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a single attribute of a culture
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culture complex
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common values, beliefs, behaviors and artifacts that make a group distinct from others in the area
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culture system
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a group of interconnected culture complexes
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cultural hearth
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an area where a civilization first began
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expansion diffusion
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when an innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while spreading outward
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contagious diffusion
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a type of expansion diffusion wherein almost all individuals and areas outward from the source region are affected
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hierarchical diffusion
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a type of expansion diffusion wherein ideas and artifacts first spread between large places or prominent people and only later reach smaller groups or less prominent people
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stimulus diffusion
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a type of expansion diffusion wherein a basic idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior
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relocation diffusion
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diffusion that occurs when individual people or populations physically carry an innovation or idea from a source area to a new one
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migrant diffusion
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a type of relocation diffusion wherein the spread of outward traits is slow enough that they weaken the area of origin by the time they reach other areas
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acculturation
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occurs when a less dominant culture adopts traits of a more influential culture
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assimilation
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when a culture completely absorbs a less dominant one
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transculturation
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an equal exchange of cultural traits
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ethnocentrism
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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
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cultural relativism
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the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
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syncretism
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a fusion of old and new cultures, and an explanation of how and why cultural changes occur
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language families
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related tongues that share a common ancestor
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dialects
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variant forms of language where mutual comprehension is possible
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pidgin language
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characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from languages of the groups in contact
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creole language
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occurs when a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers
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slang
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words and phrases not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but are nonetheless understood and used by some or most of its speakers
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lingua franca
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a language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide language where it is not a mother language
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language hotspots
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places home to the most unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages
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toponym
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a place name
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isogloss
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indicates the spatial borders of individual words and pronunciations
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proselytizing religion
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also called a "universalizing religion"; a religion that attempts to be global in its appeal to all people
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the Three Great Monotheistic Religions
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Judaism, Islam and Christianity
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Roman Catholicism
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The largest branch of Chrisitanity, which includes 50% of all Christians and large concentrations of followers in Latin America, French Canada, Central African, and Southern and Eastern Europe
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Protestantism
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The 2nd largest branch of Christianity, constituting 25% of all Christians with concentrations in North America, Northern Europe, Britain, South Africa and Australia
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Eastern Orthodoxy
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Final branch of Christianity, including 10% of all Christians and concentrated mostly in Eastern Europe and Russia
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Sunni
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The dominant branch of Islam, with 83% of all Muslims adhering to the belief that the successor of Muhmmad should be chosen in agreement amongst religious leaders
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Shi'ite
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The lesser branch of Islam (16%), who believe that Muhammad's successor should be a blood relative
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folk culture
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traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated areas
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popular culture
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found in large, heterogeneous societies bonded by a common culture despite the many difference among people that share it
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territoritality
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efforts to control pieces of the earth's surface for political or social ends
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physical boundary
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often natural feautures, such as mountains, deserts, rivers, lakes and oceans that seperate nations
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culture boundary
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set by an ethnic difference between groups, especially in a linguistic or religious aspect
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sovereignty
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the ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within its boundaries independently from interface either on the outside or inside
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types of boundary disputes
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1. Positional: regarding location of the border 2. Territorial: regarding ownership of a region near the border 3. Allocation: regarding natural resources 4. Functional: regarding border policies
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primate city
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a capital city that is unrivaled in terms of size or influence by another city within a state
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supranational organization
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a group of independent countries joined together for purposes of mutual interest
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geopolitics
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the study of spatial and territorial dimensions of power relationships within the global political-territorial order
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Heartland theory
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states that the "pivot area" of the earth -Eurasia- holds the resources, both natural and human, to dominate the globe
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Rimland theory
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opposes the heartland theory by stating that the Eurasian Rim, not its heart, holds the key to global power
