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Agribusiness

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Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

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Agriculture

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The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

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Cereal Grain

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A grass yielding grain for food.

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chaff

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Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.

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combine

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A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans gram while moving over a field.

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commercial agriculture

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Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

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crop

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Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

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crop rotation

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The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

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desertification

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the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert

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double cropping

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Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

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grain

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Seed of a cereal grass.

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green revolution

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Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

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horticulture

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The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

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hull

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The outer covering of a seed.

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intensive subsistence agriculture

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A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

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milkshed

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The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

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paddy

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Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.

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pasture

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Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.

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pastoral nomadism

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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

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plantation

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A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

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prime agricultural land

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the most productive farmland

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ranching

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A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

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reaper

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A machine that cuts grain standing in the field.

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ridge tillage

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System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

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sawah

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A flooded field for growing rice

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seed agriculture

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Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

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shifting cultivation

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A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

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slash and burn agriculture

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Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

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spring wheat

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Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.

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subsistence agriculture

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Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

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sustainable agriculture

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Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

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swidden

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A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

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thresh

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To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.

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transhumace

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The seasoned migration of livestock between mountains and low land pastures.

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truck farming

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Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.

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vegetative planting

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reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

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wet rice

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Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.

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winnow

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To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.

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winter wheat

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Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.

AP Human Geography Chapter 10 Vocab – Flashcards

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