AP Human Geography Chapter 10 – Flashcards
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Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
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agriculture
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Any plant cultivated by people.
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crop
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What are the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society?
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The men hunted game or fished, and the women collected berries, nuts, and roots. This division of labor sounds like a stereotype that is based on evidence archaeology and anthropology. Small groups, fallowed migration patterns.
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How many hunter-gatherers are there today?
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less than 0.005%
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Where od they live?
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Australia's Great Victorian Desert Andaman Islans Botswana Namibia
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The time when human beings firs domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
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agricultural revolution
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The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family.
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subsistence agriculture
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The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
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commercial agriculture
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What are the three main features that separate commercial agriculture from subsistence agriculture?
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percentage of farmers in the labor force the use of machinery farm size
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% of Farmers in Labor Force in Subsistence Agriculture
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44%
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% of Farmers in Labor Force in Commercial Agriculture
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5% North America-2%
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Use of Machinery in Subsistence Agriculture
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Hand tools and animal power
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Use of Machinery in Commercial Agriculture
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Lots of machines
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Farm Size in Subsistence Agriculture
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2.5 acres
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Farm Size in Commercial Agriculture
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418 acres
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Physical social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritions food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life.
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food security
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How much of the world does not have food security?
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one-eighth
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Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
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undernourishment
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How much of the world suffers from undernourishment? Where are those places?
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870 million and in developing countries.
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A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animal.
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pastoral nomadism
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In what type of climate is it usually found?
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In the drylands, so dry climate.
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What regions of the world are currently occupied by this practice?
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Central and Southwest Asia and North Africa.
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How do pastoral nomads obtain grain (several ways)?
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* many present-day nomads do raise crops * sedentary subsistence farmers in exchange for animal products
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What animals are chosen, and where?
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Camel-North Africa and Southwest Asia along with sheep and goats Horse-Central Asia
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Describe territoriality among pastoral nomads.
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Every group controls a piece of territory and will invade another groups territory only in an emergency or if war is declared.
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Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
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transhumance
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In what way do modern governments currently threaten pastoral nomadism?
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They want to take their landed use it for other things.
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In what climate does shifting cultivation.
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Humid Low-Latitde (A) climate regions.
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Identify the two distinctive features of shifting cultivation.
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They have relatively high temperatures and abundant rainfall.
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A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
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swidden
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Potassium from burning the debris when the site is cleared.
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potash
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How lang are swidden used?
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About 3 years or less, farmers will return in 6 years or as much as 20 years.
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How is land owned in a typical village that practices shifting cultivation?
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Traditionally it is owned by the village rather separately by each resident. Today private individuals now own land. Chief gives each family area of land to use.
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What percentage of the world's land area is devoted to shifting cultivation?
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Approximately 25%
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What percentage of the world's people work it?
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Less than 5% of population
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Pros (Arguments against replacing shifting cultivation)
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People unable to find agricultural land elsewhere can migrate to the tropical forests and initially practice shifting cultivation.
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Cons (How is shifting cultivation being replace?)
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By more sophisticated agricultural techniques that yield more crops per land area.
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Farmers must work intensively to subsist on parcel land.
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intensive
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Where is intensive subsistence agriculture practiced? Why there?
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East, South, and Southeast Asia because it is densely populated so they need to feed a lot of people.
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Planting rice seedlings in flooded field.
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wet rice
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flooded field
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sawah
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wet rice
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paddy
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Two harvest per year on one field.
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double-cropping
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Where is double-cropping possible? Where is it not?
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China and Taiwan. India
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In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant, what is the major crop?
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Wheat, followed by barley.
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How are multiple harvests made possible in these less mild regions? Explain.
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Crop Rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from a crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
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Agriculture following the communist revolution, communes.
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Government organized communes that used several villages to promote efficiency and materials could be showed.
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Agriculture in communist China today, post-commune.
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Villages sign contract that entitles them to portions of farmers private and production increased.
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Plantation Regions:
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Tropics and subtropics of developing countries like Latin American, Africa, Asia.
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Planation Operated By:
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Europeans/North Americans
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Plantation Workers:
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Imported provided with room and board.
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Plantation Types of Crops
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Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, rubber, bananas, tea, coconuts, cocoa.
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Large commercial farm that specializes in one or two crops.
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Plantation
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Where is mixed crop and livestock farming common?
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US West of Appalachians and Europe from France to Russia.
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Describe the irony between the amount of land devoted to crops vs. animals and the income generated by each in this region.
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Most crops fed to animals. nearly all land given to growing crops but most devices from sale of animal products.
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How does this type of agriculture allow farmers to more evenly "distribute their workload"?
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Livestock requires year long attention while crops need less attention in winter.
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In what different ways is the corn used?
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Oil, margarine, animal feed.
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Where is the U.S. Corn Belt, and what crops are grown there?
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Ohio to Dakotas with center in Iowa.
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Leaving field bare so it allows soil to replenish.
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fallow
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Oats, wheat, vey, and barley. One grain planted in one field while other lay fallow and the nest year they would switch.
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Cereal grains
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Clover, helps replenish fields.
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rest crop
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What three conditions make the southeast U.S. an ideal location for this commercial gardening and fruit farming?
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1. long growing season 2. humid 3. accessible to large markets of eastern cities.
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What is "truck farming" and where has it spread in the U.S.? And, give examples of specialty crops.
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Grow lots of produce that developing countries demand and are mostly sold to be frozen or packed. Eastern US Asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, nursery plants
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Ring surrounding city from which mild can be supplied without spoiling.
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milkshed
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Why do some regions specialize in "milk products" like cheese and butter rather than fluid milk? Identify some of these important regions.
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Located further out and milk spoils.
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What country is the world's largest producer of dairy products?
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New Zealand
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What problems do dairy farmers currently face?
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Labor intensive and winter feed.
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What is the principal difference between grains grown in "commercial grain farming" regions and grans grown in "mixed crop and livestock" regions?
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Commercial grown for humane and mixed is for livestock.
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Complete a bullet list that details the significance of wheat as a crop.
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Bread Expensive Last a long time Transported long distance Shipped profitably
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How do farmers and combine companies make use of the fact that the wheat matures at different times in the spring and winter wheat belts?
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Two sets of fields-one in spring belt the other in winter.
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Identify the three regions of large-scale grain production in North America.
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Winter wheat belt Spring wheat belt Palouse regions
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Describe the conditions of Mediterranean climate and agriculture.
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Mild winter, sea kids, hot/dry summers, hilly and mountains.
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Most crops in Mediterranean lands are grown for ________ rather than for _________
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Human consumption animal feed
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Growing of fruits, veggies and flowers and tree crops.
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horticulture
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List the two most important cash crops of Mediterranean regions.
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olives and grapes
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Commercial grazing of livestock over extensive area.
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ranching
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What type of climate is livestock best adapted to? And, where is ranching practiced?
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Semiarid or arid; China, US then Brazil
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Why did cattle ranching expand in the U.S.
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Demand for beef in 1860s in East.
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Why did cattle ranching decline?
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Conflicted with sedentary farming.
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Where does cattle ranching take place today?
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1) Herding of animals 2) Fixed Farming 3) Meat-Prrocessing Industry
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According to the "Boserup Thesis", in what ways can subsistence farmers increase food supply?
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Intensify production by adopting new farming methods and leaving land fallow for shorter amounts of time.
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What is the dilemma that tis faced by LDCs as they seek to increase the amount of export crops to sell to MDCs?
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Less left for domestic consumption.
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Summarize Africa's food-supply struggle.
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Struggling to keep food production ahead of population so famine in Horn of Africa and Sahel due to overgrazing and limited vegetation and government has kept prices too low for farmers to sell profitably.
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What countries is cocaine (cocoa leaf) found in?
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Columbia, Peru, Bolivia
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What country is heroin (opium) found in?
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Afghanistan
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What country is marijuana found in?
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Mexico
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Why have food prices been a more serious problem than food supply?
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1. poor weather 2. higher demand 3. smaller growth in productivity, especially without "miracle" breakthroughs 4. use of biofuels
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How have efficient agricultural practices, fertilizers and mechanical equipment, etc. created a problem for commercial farmers?
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Creating surplus.
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Create three bulleted points that highlight current ways in which the U.S. government currently deals with excess agriculture capacity, and explain each.
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* encouraged not to produce so much * pay farmers when commodity prices are low * buy surplus and sell/donate to foreign governments
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Who was von Thunen?
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Estate owner in Germany
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According to this model, what two factors does a farmer consider when deciding what to plant?
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Land and transportation cost.
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How does cost determine what farmers grow?
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If they need more money they will get cheaper crops.
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How does transportation cost influence profitability of growing wheat?
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Farms located closer to market tend to select crops with higher transportation cost per hectare of out put, whereas more distant farms are more likely to select crops that can be transported less expensively.
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How could von Thunen's model be applied at global scale?
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Those in remote locations will want to sell less perishable items in large world market sin Europe and us.
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Four strategies have been proposed to increase the world's food supply in places where populations are underfed. Explain each of them.
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A. increase exports of surplus B. expand land use for agriculture C. expand fishing D. increase productivity
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List the largest regions and countries exporting agricultural products.
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Argentina, Brazil, Aus, US
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What countries are the leading importers of food?
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Japan, UK, China, Russia
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What country exports the most grain? What kind and how much?
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US, corn
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There is little new land actually available for farming. In fact, the current trend is to reduce agricultural land rather than increase it. Identify and briefly describe three reasons why land is currently being removed from agricultural use.
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1. desertification 2. overgrazing 3. urbanization
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Cultivation of sea foods under controlled conditions.
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aquaculture (or aquafarming)
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What counties are the leading fishing countries?
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China, Peru, Chile, Indonesia
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Have MDCs or LDCs consumed more fish?
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LDCs
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What are the two main practices of the Green Revolution?
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fertilizers and seeds
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Because of the Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has ______ than ________.
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faster population
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Describe the characteristics of the "miracle wheat seed".
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Respond to fertilizer faster and mature faster.
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Describe the characteristics of the "miracle rice seed".
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Hardier and increase yields.
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What specific problems do farmers in LDCs have which might prevent them from taking full advantage of the Green Revolution?
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No fertilizers of machinery.
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What three crops are often genetically modified?
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Soybeans, corn, cotton.
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Approximately how much of major crops in the US are genetically modified?
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10%
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Discuss the advantages and dis advantages of genetically modified?
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Advantages: higher yields, increased nutrition, pest resistance. Disadvantages: health.
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Preserves and enhances the environment.
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Sustainable agriculture
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What are the principal practices that distinguish farmers practicing sustainable agriculture from those operating conventionally?
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Sensitive land management, limited use of chums, better integration of crops and livestock.
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Planting crops on ridge tops to create soil conservation with less costs.
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ridge tillage
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In what ways are animals treated differently in sustainable agriculture? And, how is this a benefit?
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correct number, animal confinement, management of extreme weather, flexible feeding and marketing.
