Ap Human Geography Chapter 1 Key Terms Test Questions – Flashcards
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Spatial Analysis
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Study of geographic phenomena is approached in terms of its arrangement, its points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map.
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Concepts key to Spatial Analysis
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-Location -Distance -Space -Accessibility -Spatial Interaction
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Absolute Location
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The exact position on the Earth's Surface. It never changes; Can be found using Latitude & Longitude.
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Place (Personal)
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Unique location of a place. -Place names -Site -Situation -Mathematical Location
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Relative Location
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Describes a place's location in reference to its surroundings or its orientation; Fixed in terms of site & situation.
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Orientation
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a place's relative location which is found by using a compass rose on a map.
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Spatial Relationships
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Spaces between & among places.
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Compass Rose
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A map tool that shows direction or orientation.
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Cardinal Directions
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North, South, East, & West.
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Intermediate Directions
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Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, & Southwest.
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Site
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Refers to the physical attributes of location; Its terrain, its soil, its vegetation.
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Vegetation
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Plant Life
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Situation
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Refers to the location of a place relative to other places and human activities: its accessibility to route ways or nearness to population centers.
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Cognitive Maps (mental maps)
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Psychological representations (perceptions) of locations that spring from people's experience and knowledge; Based on direct experience, written or visual representations, or hearsay, and imaginations.
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Distance
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An absolute physical measure counted in km or mi; A relative measure expressed in terms of time, effort, or cost.
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Cognitive Distance
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Distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation; Based on people's personal judgement.
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Friction of Distance
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The deterrent or inhabiting effect of distance on human activity.
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Distance-Decay Function
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The rate at which a particular activity of phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance; The point at which people no longer travel to a particular location because of the distance involved. It reflects the utility of a specific location to a people.
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"Nearness Principle"
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Human Activity is influenced by the desire to maximize the net utility of location.
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Toblers First Law
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People will seek to maximize the overall utility of places at minimum effort, seek to maximize connections between places at minimum cost, and seek to locate related activities as close together as possible.
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Space
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Measured in absolute, relative, and cognitive terms.
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Absolute Space
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The mathematical space described through points, lines, areas, planes, and configurations.
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Relative Space
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Takes the form of Socioeconomic Space and Experiential / Cultural Space.
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Socioeconomic Space
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Described in terms of sites and situations, routes, regions, and distribution patterns.
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Experiential / Cultural Space
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Space of groups of people with common ties. Described through places, territories, and settings whose attributes carry special meaning for that group.
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Cognitive Space
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Measured in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, districts, and regions.
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Spatial Thinking
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fundamental skill for understanding the arrangement of objects across space. Geographers think about the arrangement of people and activities found in space and analyze why / how people and activities are distributed.
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Density
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The frequency with which something occurs in space.
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Arithmetic Density
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Total number of objects in an area. (Number of people & land area)
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Concentration
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Extent of a feature's spread over space is its concentration.
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Pattern
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The geometric arrangement of objects in space. •geometric patterns •linear patterns •grid patterns
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Accessibility
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Distance & connectivity are key aspects of accessibility. •channels of communication & transportation. •function of a configuration of networks of communication & transportation. Defined in terms of relative location.
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Spatial interaction
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Refers to all kinds of movement & flows involving human activity.
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Four key principles of Spatial Interaction
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1. complementary - demand & supply relationships. 2. Transferability 3. Intervening opportunity 4. Spatial Diffusion.
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Types of Spatial Diffusion
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•Relocation diffusion •expansion diffusion- hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion, & stimulus diffusion.
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Contagious diffusion
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A phenomenon spreads because of the proximity of carriers, or agents of change, who are fixed in their location.
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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Diffuse from once location to another without necessarily spreading to people or places inbetween. (Spread of fashion)
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Stimulus Diffusion
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Diffusion in which one people receives a culture element from another but gives it a new & unique form. (Religion)
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Culture
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A body of customary believes, material trades, & social forms that together constitute the district tradition of a group of people.
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Cultural Ecology
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Geographers Also consider environmental factors as well as cultural factors, when looking at regions. Basically, it's the geographic study of human-environmental relations.
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Geomorphology
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This is the branch of geology that studies the characteristics & configuration & evolution of rocks & land forms.
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Similarity of different places
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Scale: from local to global. •globalization of economy & culture. Space: distribution of features •distribution •gender & ethnic diversity in space. Connections between places: •Spatial interaction •diffusion
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Major elements of culture
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Customary beliefs, social customs, material traits
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Affects of globalization & culture
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Fewer local differences, enhanced communications, unequal access, difficulty in maintaining of local traditions.
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There is also globalization of environment ...
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Sensitive & insensitive environmental modification.
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Geography
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The study of Earth, created by natural forces and modified by humans.
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Spatial Perspective
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History=Change over time Geography=Change across space.
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Geography Inquiry
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The spatial arrangement of places & phenomena (both human & physical)
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Spatial Distribution
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How we spread out, or distribute. ex: town-city-state-country-continent-world.
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Physical Geography
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Earth's natural processes & their outcomes. (climate, landforms)
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Human Geography
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Human relationships with their environments.
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Human Geographers study...
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The relationships between people & place.
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Sense of Place
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Your feelings towards that place.
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Space
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Impersonal location on a grid.
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Place
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Constructed by Humans with MEANING
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Place Perception
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Belief of what a place is like.
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Physical Systems
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Studies weather patterns, natural disasters, & how plants & animals adapt in them.
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Human Systems
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Examines Human Activity
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Region
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Parts of the earth that share a certain characteristic that distinguish them from others.
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Formal Region
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defined by a commonality
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Functional Region
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Defined by social, political, or economic activities.
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Cultural Landscape
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Visible Human Imprint
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Movement
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Study of Interactions between people & other lifeforms, located in different places
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Uses of Geography
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Relationships between people, places, & environment over time.
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Observation
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Collect information & data
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Hypothesis
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A proposed answer to a problem
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What do all maps do?
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ALL MAPS LIE. All maps contain some degree of distortion.
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Maps
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Generalizations of the real world
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Model
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Abstractions of reality that help explain the world.
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5 Ways to Manipulate Maps
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1. Map Projection 2. Simplification 3. Map Scale 4. Map Types 5. Data Aggregation - how we layer data.
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Parts of Maps
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legend / key, points, lines, fills, scales, compass rose, lines of latitude & longitude.
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Which Line is Latitude?
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X
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Which line is Longitude?
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Y
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A globe is...
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A 3-D representation of the world. It is the only map that does not contain distortion because it is in the shape of a sphere.
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Latitude Lines
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0-90 degrees N-S, determines a place' s climate.
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Some Latitude Lines you might want to know...
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Arctic Circle- 66.5 degrees N Tropic of Cancer- 23.5 degrees N Equator- 0 degrees Tropic of Capricorn- 23.5 degrees S Antarctic Circle- 66.5 degrees S
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To find places on maps:
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1. Read the Latitude line first 2. Read longitude line next. 3. Write down coordinates.
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Grid Maps
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Another way to find location, uses squares.
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Maps are based on...
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A division of a circle into 360 degrees; each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes, & 60 seconds,
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Latitude Zones
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Low Latitudes: (Tropics) 0-23.5 degrees N/S Middle Latitudes: (Temperate Zone) 23.5-66.5 degrees N/S High Latitudes: (Polar Zone) 66.5-90 degrees N/S --- TROPICS ARE THE HOTTEST, NEAR THE EQUATOR.
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Longitude Lines
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Measure from 0-180 degrees E/W, Determines a place's time zone. Prime Meridian is 0 degrees, & the International Date Line is 180 degrees. The Prime Meridian begins in Greenwich, England, and the International Date line passes through the Pacific Ocean, opposite of the Prime Meridian.
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Time Zones
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There are 24 time zones, each 1,037 miles long.
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Making Maps
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-photographs -globes -maps -primary sources
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Key
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Shows info using symbols
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Scale
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Used for measuring distance
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Directional Arrow
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All maps have an arrow showing relative direction.
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What are all maps made to do?
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ALL MAPS ARE MADE TO SCALE.
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Large Scale
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Shows a lot of detail in a small area.
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Small Scale
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Shows little detain in a large area.
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Map Projection- what to preserve for accuracy?
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1, direction 2. shape 3. area 4. distance 5. shortest route
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Equator
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0 degrees latitude, has the greatest area of distortion on a polar map.
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Reference map
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A general- purpose map.
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Thematic Map
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Single Variable, focused on one thing. Always has a theme; proportional symbol map.
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Dot Map
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A dot represents frequency
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Isoline map
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Uses isolines to connect points of equal value
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Types of Maps
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A type of map refers to what information is shown.
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Political Map
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Shows man-made boundaries.
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Physical Map
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Shows physical features.
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Topographic Map
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Uses cantour lines to show elevation.
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US Land Ordinance of 1785
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Divided much of our country into a system of townships & ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the West.
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How big is a Township?
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6 square miles on each side, each section is divided into four quarter sections.
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Map Projections
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How we make a map , or represent it on a flat surface.
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4 Ways maps are distorted
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1. size (area) 2. direction 3. distance (scale) 4. shape
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Distortion
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The altering of shape. Most distortions occur at the poles.
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Mercator Map
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(for sailors) SQUARE, poles are most distorted, regions near the equator are most accurate in size & shape.
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Polar Map
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Most useful to airline pilots, accurate distance
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Robinson Map
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Round Edges, made for data, used by teachers & scientists.
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Peters Map
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proportional areas, "non-racist" , alternative to mercator map, rectangular, shows parallel lines.
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Chloropleth Map
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ranks features into classes
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Qualitative
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Quality, just shows. (location) where it is.
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Quantitative
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How many, population, data, NUMBERS.
