Ap Human Geography Ch. 2 Test Questions – Flashcards
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population cartogram
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a map that depicts the size of a country as its population rather than its actual size
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4 regions of population clusters
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East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe
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East Asia
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Eastern China, the islands of Japan, the Korean peninsula, and the island of Taiwan. 1/4 of the population clustered in this area
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South Asia
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India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the island of Sri Lanka. 1/4 of the population
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Southeast Asia
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600 million people, Java, Sumatra, the islands that lie in between the Indian and Pacific islands.
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Europe
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1/9 of the world's population, 3/4 of population lives in cities
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Other population clusters
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northeastern United States, southeastern Canada
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ecumene
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portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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Sparsely populated regions
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dry lands, high lands, wet lands, cold lands
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Dry Lands
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areas too dry for farming EX: the area extending from North Africa to southwest and central Asia
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Wet lands
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areas receive very high levels of precipitation EX: interior of South America
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Cold Lands
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areas perpetually covered in frozen ground, the polar regions EX: the North and South poles
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High Lands
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areas settled in high elevations
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arithmetic density
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total number of people divided by the total land area.
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physiological density
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the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
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agricultural density
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the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
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Three measures of natural increase
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-Crude birth rate (CBR) -Crude death rate (CDR) -Natural increase rate (NIR)
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Crude birth rate
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total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society
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Crude death rate
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total number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people alive in society
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Natural increase rate
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the percentage by which a population grows a year. Formula: CBR-CDR
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doubling time
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the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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infant mortality rate (IMR)
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annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age
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life expectancy
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measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current morality levels
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Stages of the Demographic Transition
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-Stage 1: low growth -Stage 2: high growth -Stage 3: moderate growth -Stage 4: low growth
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Stage One
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Crude birth rate and crude death rate were about equal, and the NIR was about zero. People depended on hunting and gathering for food. Burst of population growth caused by agricultural revolution. No country is currently in stage one
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Stage Two
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10,000 years after agricultural revolution. CDR plummets, and CBR remains roughly the same. NIR is very high, population grows rapidly. Countries enter stage two of the demographic transition because of the Industrial Revolution. The major developments in industrial technology allowed improved transportation of manufactured goods to markets. New machines helped farmers increase agricultural production, feeding the growing population, thus making the population healthier and people lived longer. Countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America moved into stage two because of the medical revolution
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Stage Three
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CBR drops sharply, and CDR continues to fall at a much slower rate than stage two. Population continues to grow because the CBR is still greater than the CDR. CBR drops because of a change in social customs, like people having fewer children because of the expensive cost of living in an urban area.
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Stage Four
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CBR declines to equal the CDR, and reaches zero population growth. ZPG may occur because of females dying before childbearing years. Also occurs because the change in lifestyle encourages smaller families, and increased awareness to prevent pregnancy.
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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
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when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero
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Population Pyramid
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a country's population displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph. Shape of the pyramid determined by the CBR in the community.
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Dependency ratio
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the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.
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Sex Ratio
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the number of males per hundred females in the population
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Cape Verde
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Example of a country in stage two of the demographic transition. Originally a cooly of Portugal until it's 1975 independence, and the Portuguese administrators left better birth and death records. Cape Verde's population declined during the first half of the twentieth century, and a famine caused the CDR to increase.
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Chile
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Example of country in stage three of the demographic transition. Chile entered stage three b/c of a vigorous government family planning government policy that population growth could help or promote national security and economic development, and also because most Chileans belong to the Roman Catholic Church.
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Denmark
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Example of county in stage four of demographic transition. Reached stage four b/c of the permanent drop in the CBR. Population only increases because of immigration.
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How is the demographic transition characterized
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Two big breaks in the past: the sudden drop in death rate because of the technological innovation that has been accomplished everywhere, and the sudden drop of birth rate because of the change in social customs
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Thomas Malthus
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Theorized that population would grow geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically.
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Neo-Malthusians
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Agree and expand upon Malthus' theory. -Malthus was alive when not many countries had entered stage two of the demographic transition, and didn't anticipate the number of poor countries that would enter stage two of the demographic transition. The food production was larger than Malthus anticipated -World population growth is outstripping other resources other than food productions.
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Malthus's Critics
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-Malthus's theory unrealistic because the world's supply of resources is fixed and not expanding -Possibilism -Population growth stimulates economic growth
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Malthus's theory vs. reality
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The past half-century hasn't supported Malthus's theory -food production has constantly grown at a faster rate than the NIR since 1950 -
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Reasons for declining death rates
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-importance of improving local economic conditions-more money to health-care programs in schools. More people attending school, more gain in employment and economic skills -improved rates of contraception in LDCs or areas where CBR is high
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epidemiology
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branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are affected locality
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epidemiologic transition stage one
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Stage of pestilence and famine. Infectious and parasitic disease principal causes of human death, along with accidents and attacks by animals. The Black Plague
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epidemiologic transition stage two
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Stage of receding pandemics. Death rates did not decline immediately and universally until the Industrial Revolution. Cholera was a pandemic that happened because of bacteria in the sewage systems, and wasn't cured until Dr. Snow mapped out the pandemic and was able to identify the source of the pandemic
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epidemiologic transition stage three
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Stage of degenerative and human-created diseases. Cardiovascular diseases and various forms of cancer. Sharp decline of infectious diseases. As LDCs moved from stage two to stage three, the number of infectious diseases declined.
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epidemiologic transition stage four
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Stage of delayed degenerative diseases. Cardiovascular diseases and cancer still threatening, but life expectancy extended through medical advances. Operations such as bypass extend life and people also behavior changes such as better diet and quitting using tobacco.
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epidemiologic transition stage five
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Stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases. Higher CDRs. Three reasons for possible emergence of stage five: evolution, poverty, and improved travel. Evolution of infectious diseases microbes resisting to drugs and insecticides. Poverty because of expensive treatments to cure diseases out of reach for poor people EX: TB. Improved travel because of easily accessible travel to distant places.
