AP Human Geography Barron’s Ch.2 Vocab – Flashcards
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| absolute distance |
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| distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length |
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| absolute location |
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| the exact position or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system |
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| accessibility |
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| relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place |
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| azimuthal projection |
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| map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface |
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| breaking point |
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| the outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retain gravitation to describe the are of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supply |
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| cartograms |
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| type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area |
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| choropleth map |
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| thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as an average value per unit area |
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| cognitive map |
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| an image of a portion of the earth's surface that an individual creates in their mind. can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships between locations as well as personal perceptions and preferences of particular places |
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| complementarity |
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| actual or potential economic relationship between two places |
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| connectivity |
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| the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places |
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| contagious diffusion |
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| spread of disease, innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person/place |
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| coordinate system |
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| a standard grid composed of lines of longitude and latitude used to determine absolute location |
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| distance decay effect |
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| decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as distance between them increases. |
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| dot maps |
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| thematic maps that used points to show precise locations of specific observations or occurrences |
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| expansion diffusion |
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| spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange |
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| friction of distance |
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| a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places |
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| fuller projection |
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| a type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but rearranges the cardinal directions |
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| Geoid |
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| The actual shape of the earth, which is rough and oblate; slightly squashed |
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| gravity model |
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| mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on size of population and their distance from each other |
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| hazards |
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| anything in a landscape (real or perceived) that is potentially threatening |
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| hierarchial diffusion |
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| something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common |
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| international date line |
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| line of longitude that marks where each new day begins; 180th meridian |
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| intervening opportunities |
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| Concept that- Place #1 wants something that place #2 and #3 have for sale with equal prices and equal quality. place #2 represents an intervening opportunity because it is closer, which means cheaper transportation |
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| isoline |
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| map that connects points of equal or similar values |
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| large scale |
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| relatively small ratio between map scale and ground scale |
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| latitude |
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| angular distance north or south of the equator; aka parallels |
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| law of retail gravitation |
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| law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business |
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| location charts |
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| on a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical info of a particular political unit or jurisdiction |
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| longitude |
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| angular distance east and west of the prime meridian; aka meridians |
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| map projection |
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| mathematical method involving transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface |
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| mental maps |
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| AKA COGNITIVE MAPS; |
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| mercator projection |
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| true conformal cylindrical map projection; accurate direction, distortion in polar regions |
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| meridian |
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| lines of longitude |
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| parallel |
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| lines of latitude |
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| peters map projection |
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| cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain the accurate size of all the world's landmasses |
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| preference map |
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| map that displays individual preferences for certain places |
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| prime meridian |
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| imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England; marks the 0 degree line of latitude |
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| Proportional map symbols |
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| a thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicated the relative magnitude of a statistical value |
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| reference map |
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| a map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks for navigating |
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| relative distance |
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| measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. Often relative distance describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic connectivity between two places |
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| relative location |
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| position relative to places around it |
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| relocation diffusion |
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| the diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, etc through migration |
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| resolution |
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| map's smallest discernable unit. If object has to be 1 meter long to show up on a map, then the map's resolution is 1 meter |
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| robinson projection |
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| projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. minimizes errors in each field of distortion |
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| scale |
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| ratio between size of area on the map and size of area on the earth's surface |
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| site |
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| absolute location of a places, described by physical or cultural characteristics |
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| situation |
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| relative location of places, described by physical or cultural characteristics and connections and interdependencies within that system |
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| small scale |
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| map scale ratio where the map usually depicts large areas |
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| spatial diffusion |
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| refers to the way in which a phenomena (ie technology) travel |
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| stimulus diffusion |
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| when a trait of one culture prompts invention or innovation in another |
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| thematic map |
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| type of map that depicts one or more variables (ie population) in a specific area |
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| time-space convergence |
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| idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction |
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| topographic maps |
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| maps that use isolines to represent constant elevation |
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| topological space |
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| amount of connectivity between places, regardless of absolute distance |
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| transferability |
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| the cost in moving goods from one place to another |
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| visualization |
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| use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are 3D or interactive |
