AP Human Geography: Agriculture Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Agribusiness
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A term referring to every business involved in commercial farming in one - farms, factories, suppliers, ad agencies, processing, etc.
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Agriculture
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The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer's family or for sale off the farm
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Animal Domestication
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The process of taming an animal species to be accustomed to humans and human contact
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Cereal Grain
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A grass with starchy grains, which are used in many different foods
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Combine
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A machine that harvests, threshes, and cleans grain crops
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Commercial Agriculture
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The farming of products for sale off the farm
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Crop
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A yield of a plant that is grown in abundance to be harvested as food, fodder, fuel, or commercial sale
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Crop Rotation
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The planting of different crops each year to replenish the soil's nutrients that were lost to a previous crop
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Desertification
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The extreme deterioration of land in arid/semiarid regions due to loss of vegetation and soil moisture
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Double Cropping
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The growing of two crops per year to double agricultural output
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First Agricultural Revolution
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The slow change from non-agriculturally-based societies to more agriculturally-based societies through the understanding of seeds, watering, and plant care
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
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Organisms whose genetic material has been modified for increased agricultural output
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Grain
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The seed of a cereal grass
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Green Revolution
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The rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially high-yield seeds and fertilizers; also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution
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Horticulture
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The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
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A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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Livestock Ranching
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The raising of livestock over an expanse of land for food products from the domesticated animals
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Luxury Crops
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Crops like tobacco that are grown for profit but not necessarily needed by a population
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Mediterranean Agriculture
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Agriculture practiced in areas with a Mediterranean climate; mostly horticulture
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Milkshed
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The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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Organic Agriculture
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Plants grown without green technology
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Pastoral Nomadism
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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
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Pasture
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Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing
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Plantation Agriculture
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Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
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Primary Economic Activity
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Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials
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Prime Agricultural Land
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The most productive farmland
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Quaternary Economic Activity
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Any economic activity pertaining to the collection, processing, and manipuation of information, capital, and culture - finance, government, insurance, legal services, etc.
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Ranching
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A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
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Reaper
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A machine that cuts grain standing in a field
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Ridge Tillage
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A system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
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Sawah
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A field deliberately flooded for growing rice
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Second Agricultural Revolution
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The development of improved sanitation, storage, and fertilization techniques, allowing for greater food output; coincided with the Industrial Revolution in England and a higher population growth rate
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Secondary Economic Activity
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Any economic activity pertaining to the manufacturing of useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
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Seed Agriculture
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The taking of seeds from existing plants and planting of them to produce new ones
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
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The clearing of vegetation and then burning of any remaining plants to make an arable plot of land
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Shifting Cultivation
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The moving of farm fields after several years in search of more productive soil after depleting the previous one
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Spring Wheat
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Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer
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Subsistence Agriculture
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The providing of food for direct consumption by the farmer and farmer's family
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Sustainable Agriculture
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Farming methods that preserve longterm productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
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Swidden
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A patch of land clearing for planting through slash-and-burn agriculture
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Tertiary Economic Activity
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Any economic activity pertaining to the provision of services - transportation, banking, retailing, education, etc.
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Transhumance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
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Truck Farming
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Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so titled because the name came from a Middle English word meaning "bartering"
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Vegetative Planting
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The removing of part of a plant and putting it in the ground to grow a new plant
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Von Thunen Model
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A model developed by J.H. Von Thunen displaying different rings of agriculture surrounding a city based on transportation
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Wet Rice
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Rice planted on dry land in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
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Winter Wheat
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Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer