AP EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – Flashcards
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Commercial Revolution
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Great economic growth in europe because of inflation-stimulated production where manufacturers, craftsmen and others could get good prices for their products; brought about age of exploration
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Proto-industrialization
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Phase in the development of modern industrial economies that created conditions for the foundation of a fully industrial society; marked by the increasing involvement of rural families in mainly through the putting-out system
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Cottage Industry
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Merchant-capitalist would provide raw materials to a rural family who produced a finished or semi-finished product and sent it back to the merchant for payment then sell it for profit
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"putting out system"
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Merchants in cities sought cheap rural labor rather than paying guild members in towns higher fees; prevalent in the countryside
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Flying Shuttle
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Enabled a weaver to throw a shuttle back and forth between threads with one hand; cut man power (only one person needed to operate it); invented by John Kay
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Spinning Jenny
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Hand operated mechanized spinning wheel by moving the carriage back and forth with one hand and used the other to turn the wheel that supplied its power; invented by James Hargreaves
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Water Frame
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Improved thread spinning by having several hundred spindles on a machine that produced strong thread; invented by Richard Arkwright
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Spinning Mule
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Combined spinning jenny and water frame; invented by Samuel Crompton
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Agricultural Revolution
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cheap labor from enclosure movement forced people to move to cities; part of cause of industrial revolution; made it possible for few farmers to feed more people and they were free to move around
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Bank of England
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established in 1694 by the gov. as the central bank
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Bubble Act
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because of a stable gov. parliament was favorable to the growth of industry which in turn created this that didn't allow for the creation of joint stock companies was repealed
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Lowes Act
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allowed limited liability, liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm, for business owners
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Navigation Acts
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were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, a process which had started in 1651
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Corn Laws
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trade laws designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846
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The Steam Engine
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James Watt invented it and patented the first efficient steam engine; was most fundamental advance in technology and transformed manufacturing, transportation, and different industries
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Power Loom
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a steam-powered, mechanically operated version of a regular loom, an invention that combined threads to make cloth
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Heavy Industry
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rising supplies boosted production which gave rise to the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production
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Puddling Furnace
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allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (created high grade iron); invented by Henry Cort
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Henry Cort
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created heavy duty steam powered rolling mills that were capable of shaping finished iron and invented the puddling furnace
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Transportation Revolution
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made possible by steam power which was necessary to distribute finished goods and raw materials to other factories
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Enclosure Acts
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were a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country
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Factory Act of 1802
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was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to improve conditions for apprentices working in cotton mills
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Thomas R. Malthus
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British cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography; tried to explain why mass of people didn't benefit from the operation of the "natural laws" of economics and that population would out grow food supply
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Ricardo's law of wages
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natural wage is one that maintains a worker's subsistence; real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker
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Canals
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were important in completing basic needs of related interdependent industries
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Duke of Bridgewater
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completed the first great canal that put an uneconomical coal field into business by transporting coal, was very profitable and half the price of coal in certain places
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Hard-surfaced Roads
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significantly improved travel; construction was pioneered by John McAdam
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John McAdam
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pioneered construction of hard surfaced roads which made traveling easier
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Steamboat
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used a steam engine, made 2-way river travel possible and travel in the "high seas" faster; invented by Robert Fulton
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Robert Fulton
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invented the steam boat that used a steam engine, made 2-way river travel possible and travel in the "high seas" faster; his traveled up the hudson river in 1807
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George Stephenson
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made railway locomotive commercially successful; his locomotive, the Rocket, was the world's first important railroad since it was in the heart of England
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Crystal Palace
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Built for the 1851 international exhibit. Was intended to signify Britain's industrial, economic and military power
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Crédit Mobilier
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one of the most famous banks in europe (paris) that helped build railroads all over france and europe
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Zollverein
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a German tariff in non-German imports to encourage capital investment in german industry
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"petite bourgeoisie"
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lower bourgeoisie; small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government
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Proletariat
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new group in society with the fastest growing social class of factory workers
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Friedrich Engels
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lashed out at the middle classes in his The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844)
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Poorhouses
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emerged to provide work for those unemployed; major goal was to persuade workers to leave and find work somewhere else
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Luddites
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A violent group of irate workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs; attacked factories in northern England destroying new machines they believed were putting them out of work
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Combination Acts
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was to prevent Unlawful Combinations of Workmen, prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers
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Robert Owen
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Scottish industrialist who pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with a concern for the health, safety, and work hours of workers; in 1834, he organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
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Chartists
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people who sought political democracy; demanded that all men have the right to vote & sought to change economic system
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Saddler Commission
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parliament wanted to limit child labor so these people investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories
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Squirearchy
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land owners when they are considered as having political/social influence
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Factory Act of 1833
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limit the number of hours worked by women and children, first in the textile industry, then later in all industries; employment of children declined
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Mines Act of 1842
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prohibited all boys and girls under age 10 from working underground
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Manchester
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city that became an industrial center in England
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Irish Potato Famine
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landlords didn't improve agriculture so disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics; the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe & Higher food prices, widespread suffering, and social unrest ensued
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Adam Smith
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considered to be the first modern economist; believed economy was supposed to be free to operate which would benefit to society
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Laissez-faire
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a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering
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Free Trade
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international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
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Roots of industrial revolution
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commercial revolution -inflation stimulated production -(rise of capitalism) more money for investment -new mechanical inventions -more people provided larger markets
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Start of industrial revolution
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rural industry grew economy -merchants wanted cheap labor -production was "put out" into the countryside
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Cottage industry summary
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Basically merchants > got raw materials > sent it to the families > they produced the product > was sent back to merchant to sell
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problem and result of cottage industry
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problem: wanted more efficient way of production since it was unorganized result: more $ for family & a variety of goods were produced
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John Kay
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invented flying shuttle; cut man power in half
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James Hargreaves
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invented spinning jenny; spinners outpaced weavers
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Richard Arkwright
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invented water frame; stronger thread and employed less workers
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Samuel Crompton
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invented spinning mule; basically combined water frame with spinning jenny; caused cotton spinning in all factories
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Why England was the first to industrialize
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-its geography -agricultural revolution -economic build up -entrepreneurs -the colonies -& government cooperation
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England's geography helped it industrialize
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because of -isolation from many wars -its supply of coal and iron -its waterways -& the growth of its navy & ports
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England's agricultural revolution helped it industrialize
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because of - the enclosure movement making people move -the ability of less farmers making more food -& people being freed up to work in factories
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England's economic build up helped it industrialize
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because of -large supply of capital from previous activity -avoidance of wars -establishment of bank of England -& protection from commercial failure by insurance companies
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England's colonies helped it industrialize
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because of -its access to raw materials -& growing market for English goods
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England's gov. cooperation helped it industrialize
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because of -its fancy for industrial development -stable economy -ability to give loans out -bubble act repealed -navigation acts and corn laws repealed -& lowes act established
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demand of textiles led to
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creation of large factories -inventions of proto-industrialization increased production -resulted in more product, production supply to the world, cheaper prices
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steam engines were powered by
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coal because it was more efficient and easier to get -use of coal was one of the hallmarks of the revolution
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Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen
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invented steam pump to pump water out of mines since there was more coal under the water
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1st steam engine
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-invented by James Watt -most fundamental advance in technology -transformation in transportation
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rising supplies of coal
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boosted iron production and gave rise to heavy industry; by 1850 England produced more than half the world's iron
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transportation revolution was
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made possible by steam power
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new canal systems
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made it easier to travel and deliver products and materials to people
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impact of the railroad
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-reduced cost of shipping -resulted in growing national market -facilitated growth of urban working class
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continental Europe began to industrialize after
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1815
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Napoleonic wars
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hindered industrial growth of European nations
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continental countries lagged behind Britain industrially
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because -technology was to advanced for most continental engineers to understand -technology that needed steam power required a lot of capital -shortage of factory workers -gov. did little to encourage industrial growth
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continental Europe began to catch up
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they -studied Britain's mistakes -differed in each country -borrowed British technology -used power of sovereign gov to promote industry -banks helped develop railroads
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Maintaining a monopoly on technical advances
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Britain sucked at it
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tariff policies
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were used to protect native industries on the continent
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most significant result of industrialization here was
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increased production and availability of manufactured goods
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the industrial revolution replaced
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the traditional social hierarchy with a new social order
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golden age of middle class
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19th century
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upper bourgeoisie
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demanded free enterprise and high tariffs
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lower bourgeoisie
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demanded stability and security from the gov.
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as factories grew larger
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opportunities for advancement declined
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surplus of labor
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resulted in poor conditions
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union movement
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certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat
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what did chartists do
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-sought political democracy; -organized in the face of Robert Owen's national trade union collapse; -demanded all men had the right to vote; -& wanted to change economic system
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union action led to
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improved working conditions, better wages, and reduced work hours
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causes for increased child labor
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-factories scared potential workers because of resemblance of poor houses
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what became the main source of labor
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abandoned children from parishes and orphanages
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families working in factories stuck together
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because it made the work hours more tolerable
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parliament
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sought to limit child labor
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after the factory act of 1833
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employment of children declined rapidly
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urbanization
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was the most important sociological effect
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role of city changed
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from gov. and cultural centers to industrial centers
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great social and political dilemmas
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-working class injustices -gender exploitation -standard of living issues
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gender determined roles
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home and domestic life emerged
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roles of men and women
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-women: domestic duties -men: sole wage earner
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Irish workers
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they came to G.B. and became urban workers
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capitalist view
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the industrial revolution as a positive step toward fulfilling human wants and needs
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socialist / communist view
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the industrial revolution as the further exploitation of the proletariat by the wealthier people
