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*Enclosure*

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The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

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*Proletarianization*

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The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

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*Cottage Industry*

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A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.

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*Putting-Out System*

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The 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.

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*Industrious revolution*

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The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

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*The guild system*

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The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

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*Economic liberalism*

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A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

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*Navigation acts*

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A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

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*The Treaty of Paris*

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The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.

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*Debt peonage*

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A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or renter to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

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*Atlantic slave trade*

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The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.

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The three-year system

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A solution to the growing agricultural problem of soil exhaustion. It was an important achievement because cash crops could be grown two years out of three, rather than only one year in two.

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Crop rotation

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This allowed farmers to forgo the unproductive fallow period altogether and maintain their land in continuous cultivation.

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The impact of the scientific revolution on agriculture

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Ongoing experimentation, fueled by developments in the scientific revolution, lead to more methodical farming.

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17th century Dutch agriculture

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The 17th century Dutch Republic, already the most advanced country in Europe in many areas of human endeavor, pioneered advancements in agriculture. In order to feed themselves and provided employment, the Dutch were forced at an early date to seek maximum yields from their land and to increase the cultivated area through the steady draining of marshes and swamps

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Dutch drainage

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Large parts of 17th century Holland had once been sea and sea marsh, and the efforts of centuries had made the Dutch the world leaders in drainage.

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The expansion of Amsterdam

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This was a catalyst for the pressure of population on Dutch agriculture. The growing urban population provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize in what it did best.

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Jethro Tull (1674-1741)

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A true son of the early enlightenment, he adopted a critical attitude toward excepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research.

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The impact of enclosing common land

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By eliminating common rights and greatly reducing the access of poor men and women to the land, the 18th century enclosure movement marked the completion of two major historical developments in England—The rise of market-oriented state agriculture and the emergence of a landless rural proletariat.

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proletarianization

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The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

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The causes of demographic crisis in Europe

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Famine, epidemic disease, and war.

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18th century population increase

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The population growth was caused by in some areas, especially England, by women having more babies than before as a result of new opportunities for rural employment in industry which allowed them to marry at an earlier age. The basic cause of European population increase as a whole was a decline in mortality (fewer deaths).

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Improved sanitation of the 18th century

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Improvements in the water supply and sewage, which were frequently promoted by strong absolutist monarchies, resulted in somewhat better public health and helped reduce such diseases as typhoid and typhus in some urban areas of western Europe.

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The impact of population increase on the rural poor

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As population growth intensified the imbalance between the number of people and the economic opportunities available to them. Deprived of land by the enclosure movement, the rural poor were forced to look for new ways to make a living.

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John Kay's invention of the flying shuttle

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This advancement enabled the weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand. Aside from that improvement, however, the loom was as it had been four much of history and as it would remain until the arrival of mechanized looms in the first decades of the 19th century.

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Working conditions for rural women

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While men could earned decent wages through long hours of arduous labor, women's wages were usually much lower because they were not considered the family's primary wage earner.

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The impact of the industrious revolution

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This occurred as households reduced leisure time, step up the pace of work, and, most important, redirected the labor of women and children away from the production of goods for household consumption and toward wage work. In the countryside, the spread of cottage industry can be seen as one manifestation of the industrious revolution, well in the cities there was a rise in female employment outside the home.

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Guild culture

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Each guild possessed a detailed set of privileges, including exclusive rights to produce and sell certain goods, access to restricted markets in raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices, hire workers, and open shops. Guilds also served social and religious functions, providing a locus of sociability and group identity to the middling classes of European cities.

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Adam Smith (1723-1790)

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One of the best-known critics of government regulation of trade and industry; a leading figure of the Scottish enlightenment.

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Smith's division of labor

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Smith advocated a more highly developed system, which entailed separating craft production into individual tasks to increase workers' speed and efficiency. Smith believed that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would be sufficient to improve the living conditions of citizens, a view that quickly emerged as the classic argument for economic liberalism

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The Navigation Acts

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These acts required that most of goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British on the ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article. Moreover, these laws gave British merchants and ship-owners a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

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The Atlantic Economy and Trade

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Commercial Exchange in the Atlantic has traditionally been referred to as the "triangle trade," designating A three-way transport of goods: European commodities, like guns and textiles, to Africa; enslaved Africans to the colonies; and the colonial goods, such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar, back to Europe.

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Creoles

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People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.

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James Cook

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English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia (1770) for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).

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Pugachev Rebellion (1773)

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Large scale Cossack rebellion causing Catherine the Great to forgive noble taxes and military service in order to gain their help in her efforts to crush this rebellion..

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The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713

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This was a document created by Charles VI that guaranteed that Maria Theresa would inherit Austrian land intact when she became king, even though some lands required that the inheritance go to a male.

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Joseph II

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This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom.

AP European History: (Chapter 17: The Expansion of Europe (1650-1800)) – Flashcards

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