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Commercial Revolution

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the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

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proto-industrialization

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Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

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cottage industry

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This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product

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flying shuttle

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was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

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spinning jenny

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This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

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water frame

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1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

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spinning mule

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In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent

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Agricultural Revolution

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The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)

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Bank of England

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created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions

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Bubble Act

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act of parliament forbidding joint stock companies

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Lowes Act

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Allowed for limited liability for business owners

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Navigation Acts

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Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

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Corn Laws

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Revised in 1815 these laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Their repeal signified the end of dominance by the landed nobility

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James Watt

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Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)

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steam engine

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1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines

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power loom

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a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

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heavy industry

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industry that requires a large capital investment and that produces items used in other industries

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Henry Cort

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In the 1780s, Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). Cort also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.

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puddling furnace

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This invention allowed impurities to be removed from iron ore and production to speed up 15x.

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Transportation Revolution

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rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation; in the United States this began in the early 1800s

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Duke of Bridgewater

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1st Industrial Canal

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John McAdam

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a scottish engineer that equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage and on top placed a layer of smoother rocks, prevented heavy wagons from sinking into the mud; first hard roads

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Robert Fulton

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American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

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George Stephenson

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English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848) it was called the Rocket

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Crystal Palace

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Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

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Credit Mobilier

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a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

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Zollverein

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Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity

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petite bourgeoisie

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lower middle class (shopkeepers and clerical staff etc.)

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proletariat

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a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

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Friedrich Engels

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socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)

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poorhouses

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emerged to provide work to those who were unemployed, conditions were often oppressive

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Luddites

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These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

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Combination Acts

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These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

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Robert Owen

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Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

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Chartists

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seeking political democracy, universal male suffrage, est. controls over economic system to prevent exploitation ( think of German Peasant Revolt, Bread Roits, French Revolution) ; , Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

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Saddler Commission

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investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories.

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Factory Act of 1833

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limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers

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Mines Act of 1842

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prohibited underground work for women, considered a scandal for women to work in the pits, prevented the fraternizing of sexes

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Manchester

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The city where the first major rail line ended.

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Irish Potato Famine

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Devastating famine that began in the 1840s. Led to decimation of the Irish population, the Irish diaspora, violent resistance to British control of Ireland, and the beginnings of Irish nationalism. also the beginning of the irish immigration to the US

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economics

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social science that deals with goods and services and how they are made, who made them, and how they will be distributed

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market economy

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based on private wants and needs, consumers and producers decide what to produce and how much it will cost, follows the laws of supply and demand

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traditional economy

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decisions based on customs of life, mainly involved use of the barter system, generally agrarian based

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command economy

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government controls all aspects of economic life, they control the number of goods made, they own all the industries, the price is set by the government, and the producers must live up to the government regulations

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communism

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no private ownership, everything was publicly own

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Karl Marx

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german thinker, believed history was a series of class struggles and believed that workers should unite and overthrow the wealthy and the bourgeoisie

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Communist Manifesto

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Karl Marx wrote the __________

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capitalism

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economic and political and social system where trade was regulated by private ownership of business, based on making money

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Laissez Faire

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_________ is the belief that the government should stay out of economic affairs

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Smith

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________ wrote the "Wealth of Nations" in 1776

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Thomas Malthus

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British economist that predicted the population will outpace the food supple and natural resources which will lead to famine and war

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Robert Owen

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wealthy factory owner who first invented the idea of factory towns were everything was provided to the workers on this one property, also address the several working conditions that workers had to face (i.e. low pay, long hours, dangerous conditions)

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The Luddites

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angry textile workers who broke into factories and would destroy them because they hated the fact that machines took away their jobs

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Marie Curie

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French Physicist and chemist who researched radiotherapy, won 2 nobel prizes and helped develop x-ray technology, however she dies of radium exposure

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technological innovations

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steam power, electric power, new methods of communications and transportation were all _____________ that happened during the Industrial Revolution

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social problems

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harsh working conditions, dirty and dangerous factories, long working hours, pollution, disease, and overpopulation were all ____________ that were created during the Industrial Revolution

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production methods

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complex machines, specialization of labor workers, mass production of goods were all new _____________ that were first installed during the Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

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the ________ was a time period where production of goods was changed from "people power" to complex machines which led to increased global productivity, growth in railroads and more efficient transportation methods, more inventions happened, improved quality of life, new opportunities for women, rise of the middle class, social structures become more flexible

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canals

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_______ helped to reduce the cost of trade by 50%

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construction of railroads

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the __________________ promoted trade during the Industrial Revolution

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wood

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prior to the Industrial revolution the main source of fuel in England was _________

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coal

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the new source of fuel during the Industrial Revolution became __________

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France

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____________ had no free exchange of ideas which halted their industrial growth

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Jethro Tull

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____________ invented the seed drill in 1701 which allowed for a quicker planting of seeds

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Dutch

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the _____ 4 crop rotation led to farmers becoming more productive and resulting in more food for the livestock

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common land

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_____________ becoming private land meant the peasants could either work on the farms or find jobs in the cities

AP Euro: Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution in Europe – Flashcards

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