AP Euro- chapter 18 (multiple choice) – Flashcards
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France in the eighteenth century A. Prospered under the enlightened philosphe Louis XV B. Suffered economic depression throughout the century C. Was torn apart by civil wars D. Lost an empire and acquired a huge public debt
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D. Lost an empire and acquired a huge public debt
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Political developments in the eighteenth-century Britain included A. Parliament taking over the last remaining powers of the monarchy B. The rearranging of boroughs to make elections to the Commons more fair C. Calls for reform after the corrupt prime ministership of Pitt the Younger D. The increasing influence and power of the King's ministers to make public policy
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D. The increasing influence and power of the King's ministers to make public policy
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The British aristocracy of the eighteenth century A. Was split into two sharply divided groups int he House of Lords and the House of Commons B. Allowed the monarchy to maintain the same power because of its own factional struggles C. Lost many seats in Parliament to the growing merchant class of politicians D. Won seats on both houses thorough an equitable system of population election
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B. Allowed the monarchy to maintain the same power because of its own factional struggles
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A continuing trend through the eighteenth century in Prussia ws A. That the bureaucracy was out of control B. The social and military dominance of the Junkers C. A reluctance to get involved in European wars D. Social mobility for peasants through the civil service
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B. The social and military dominance of the Junkers
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Frederick the Great of Prussia succeeded in A. Imposing his strict Protestanism on his populace B. Crushing the power of the Prussian nobility C. Carrying out all the Philosophes' calls for reform D. creating greater unity for Prussia" scattered lands
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D. creating greater unity for Prussia" scattered lands
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The War of the Austrian Succession was caused by the fact that in 1749 the heir to the Austrian throne was a A. Woman B. Child C. Catholic D. Protestant
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A. Woman
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Under Joseph II, the Austrian Empire A. Reversed the enlightened reforms of María Theresa B. Rescinded all of Hungary's privileges C. Saw the nobility's power taken away forever D. Saw popular discontent rise because of drastic reforms
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D. Saw popular discontent rise because of drastic reforms
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Joseph's II's included all of the following except A. Complete religious toleration B. The abolition of serfdom C. The construction of internal trade barriers D. Establishment of the principles of equality of all before the law
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All of the above
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Russia's Catherine the Great A. Followed successfully a policy of expansion against the Turks B. Instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the Pugachev revolt C. Alienated the nobility with her extensive enlighened reforms D. Had two of her sons assassinated to prevent their further plotting against her
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A. Followed successfully a policy of expansion against the Turks
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The late eighteenth-century partition of Poland A. Occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors B. Was overturned by Thaddeus Kosciuszko C. Showed that a nation in those days needed a strong King D. All of the above
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C. Showed that a nation in those days needed a strong King
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Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century A. Never completely overcame e political and social realities of the day B. Was most successful in strengthening administrative systems in the nation-states C. Was limited to policies that did not undermine the interests of the nobility D. All of the above
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A. Never completely overcame e political and social realities of the day
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The Europeans theater of the Seven Years' War witnessed A. A combines force of Austrian, Russian, and French troops defeated by Prussia B. The victory of Frederick the Great at the Battle of Rosbach in Saxony C. An end of the dream of an European balance of power D. The recognition of Russian territorial gains under the peace of Hubersrusburg
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B. The victory of Frederick the Great at the Battle of Rosbach in Saxony
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The European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by A. A continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland B. Ideological fervor that led to bloody battles C. Limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers D. Massive direct confrontations and pitched battles
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C. Limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers
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The "agricultural revolution" of the eighteenth century A. Depended on the merge cells of the open field system B. Occurred despite an absence of new crops C. Was best suited to large farmers who could make use of new agricultural techniques D. Was resisted by aristocrats like Jethro Tull
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C. Was best suited to large farmers who could make use of new agricultural techniques
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Which of the following statements best applies to Europe's social order in the eighteenth century A. It differed from the Middle Ages in that wealth was the sole determining factor in a person's social standing B. The nobility was homogenous and served the same function throughout Europe C. Peasants were still hindered by a verity of feudal services and fees imposed by powerful nobbles D. Peasants and nobles grew closer socially in Eastern Europe, where serfdom was eradicated
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C. Peasants were still hindered by a verity of feudal services and fees imposed by powerful nobbles
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European society of the eighteenthc century witnessed A. Earlier marriages B. The continues dominance of the nuclear family C. A decline in the importance of the woman in the family's economy D. Laws that ended infanticide and illegitimacy
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A. Earlier marriages
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Europe's overseas slave race in the eighteenth century A. Declined from its seventeen century hig B. Was perhaps the most profitable part of international trade C. Was gradually phased out because it was unprofitable D. Was used primarily to supply colonies with domestic slaves
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B. Was perhaps the most profitable part of international trade
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The eighteenth century European nobility A. Played a large role in. Administering nation-states B. Lost its old dominance in military affairs C. Composed twenty percent of Europe's population D. Differed little in wealth and power from state to state
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A. Played a large role in. Administering nation-states
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The ENGLISH nobility's country houses A. Were secondary i importance to London Town houses B. Architecturally reflected individualistic trends C. Reflected a growing male dominance D. Replaced the Grand Tour as a setting for the education of young male nobles
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B. Architecturally reflected individualistic trends
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The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe A. Was most chronic in Britain, which has no poor relief B. Was solved by private religious organizations C. Was made worse because government officials were generally hostile to the poor D. Was solved in France by public works projects
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C. Was made worse because government officials were generally hostile to the poor
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The Hapsburg Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to a) provide for the division of his territories after his death b) allow him to Partition Poland c) allow him to trade Protestant lands that he ruled in Germany for Catholic lands elsewhere d) guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to the throne. e) eliminate serfdom in his territories
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d) guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to the throne.
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As Great Britain developed economically after 1750, it required all of the following EXCEPT a) more raw materials from abroad b) more markets abroad c) improved transport facilities d) more investment capital e) a greater percentage of people employed in agriculture
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e) a greater percentage of people employed in agriculture
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Frederick the Great (1740-1786) contributed most to the rise of Prussia as a major European power by a) maintaining traditional dynastic alliances b) annexing the Hapsburg province of Silesia c) promoting religious toleration d) encouraging the arts e) instituting judicial reforms
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b) annexing the Hapsburg province of Silesia
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The enlightened monarchs of the 18th century would most likely have favored which of the following? a) The Society of Jesus b) Written constitutions c) The abolition of organized religion d) The codification of laws e) Royal succession based on ability instead of birth
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d) The codification of laws
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Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed a) the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosohes b) the waning of monarchial power c) the continuing process of centralization in the development of the nation-state d) "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France. e) a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.
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c) the continuing process of centralization in the development of the nation-state
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Enlightenment political thought advanced the concept of human natural rights including all of the following EXCEPT: a) equality before the law b) the right to assemble c) freedom from taxation d) freedom of worship e) freedom of speech and the press
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c) freedom from taxation
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Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia a) saw the size of its army diminish. b) reduced the size and scope of its government. c) witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts. d) failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy. e) became a highly centralized European state.
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e) became a highly centralized European state.
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The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction a) succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia. b) succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens. c) instigated changes in Russian Government that sapped the power of the old nobility. d) accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. e) abolished three-fourths of the Russian army
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d) accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
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The War of the Austrian Succession a) was limited only to Habsburg territory. b) made the Prussian king ruler of Austria. c) was fought between Austria and France, with France gaining Silesia. d) was resolved with the peace treaty of Paris. e) was fought between Austria and Prussia, with Prussia gaining Silesia.
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e) was fought between Austria and Prussia, with Prussia gaining Silesia.
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Speaking of politics during the Enlightenment, Frederick the Great of Prussia said, "the fundamental rule of governments is the principle of a) respecting human rights." b) extending their territories." c) combating church fanaticism" d) raising taxes to meet all military needs of state spending." e) extending political and social rights to the majority."
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b) extending their territories."
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Which of the following statements concerning the Seven Years' War is correct? a) Its immediate origins can be traced to the failure of Frederick II's Pragmatic Sanction. b) The French defeated the British in India due to their superior forces. c) With the Treaty of Paris ending the war, Britain became the world's greatest colonial power. d) The continuation of rivalries from the War of the Austrian Succession led to Prussia's overwhelming victory in the European theater. e) It immediately led to the French Revolution.
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c) With the Treaty of Paris ending the war, Britain became the world's greatest colonial power.
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By the 18th century, the Dutch Republic a) established a system of male democracy b) saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced. c) continued its great economic prosperity of the 16 th century. d) suffered a decline in economic prosperity e) permanently expelled the House of Orange
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d) suffered a decline in economic prosperity
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The Grand Tour a) saw French aristocrats travel through Britain to learn good manners and observe a modern economy. b) avoided Italy as it diverted young men from the tour's education goals in northern Europe. c) was greatly facilitated by more convenient forms of personal travel in the 18 th century. d) generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's son e) was reversed for ambitious members of the bourgeoisie
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d) generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's son
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Which of the following is a true statement about marriage in continental Europe from approximately 1600 to 1750? a) Churches gave their authority over marriage to the state. b) Marriage was tightly controlled by law and by parental authority. c) Love had no place in marriage. d) Marriage was undertaken without considering the economic implications. e) Most women married after the age of thirty-five.
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b) Marriage was tightly controlled by law and by parental authority.
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During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right a. remained a strong basis for government. b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government. c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments. d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria. e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715
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c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
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Louis XV's most famous mistress was a. Marie Antoinette. b. Madame de Pompadour. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Madame Guillotine. e. Comtesse de Boigne
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b. Madame de Pompadour.
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Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to a. high-ranking Lutheran churchmen. b. members of the nobility. c. university-educated bureaucrats. d. French philosophes. e. commoners who showed outstanding ability
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b. members of the nobility.
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In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were a. appointed by the King. b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting. c. chosen in different ways in different districts. d. elected by a vote of all adult males. e. elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.
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c. chosen in different ways in different districts.
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In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a a. good job. b. pocket borough. c. sinecure. d. tenured seat. e. gerrymander.
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b. pocket borough.
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In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy. b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws. c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats. d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary. e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.
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b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
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Pugachev's rebellion broke out after a. a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland. b. Prussia successfully invaded Russia and stole half of the Ukraine. c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry. d. Catherine II tried to draft peasants into the army. e. Peter the Great imposed new taxes on the people
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c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.
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Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was a. Charles III of Spain. b. Joseph II of Austria. c. Gustavus III of Sweden. d. Frederick William I of Prussia. e. George III of Great Britain.
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c. Gustavus III of Sweden.
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Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time. b. was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices. c. successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility. d. was unable to implement legal reforms in many European states. e. was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.
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a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.
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European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that a. sea power was the basis of real power. b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another. c. a country's empire determined its greatness. d. the charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy. e. the largest army always wins.
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b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.
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The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of a. Transylvania. b. Bavaria. c. Silesia. d. Bohemia. e. Haupstadt.
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c. Silesia.
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Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland: a. Austria b. Prussia c. England d. Russia e. a and c
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c. England
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The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was a. Eleanor. b. Elizabeth. c. Marie Antoinette d. Maria Theresa e. Zita.
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d. Maria Theresa
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The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. d. resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.
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c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
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Which war do some historians regard as the first world war? a. War of the Austrian Succession. b. The French and Indian War. c. The Seven Years' War. d. Queen Anne's War. e. The Crimean War.
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c. The Seven Years' War.
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During the eighteenth century, Spain a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V. b. continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed. c. fought a series of successful wars against France. d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba. e. lost all of its American colonies.
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d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba.
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As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France a. gained India. b. lost California. c. gained the Ohio River Valley. d. gained Louisiana. e. lost Canada
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e. lost Canada
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All of the following were persistent trends in the upperclass eighteenth-century European family except a. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development. b. the use of wet nurses. c. the decline in the total number of children per family. d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops. e. the use of a variety of birth control techniques.
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d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops.
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New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except a. changes in the ordinary clothing of children. b. the production of more games and toys for children. c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture. d. the great interest of lower-class mothers in breastfeeding infants. e. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
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c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
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Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was a. Prussia. b. Austria. c. Russia. d. France. e. Great Britain.
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e. Great Britain.
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European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except Russia. b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates. c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases. d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century. e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions
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d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
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Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords? a. fish. b. tomatoes. c. wheat. d. rice. e. potatoes
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e. potatoes
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All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except a. a decline in the death rate. b. new crops from America such as corn and potatoes. c. the end of typhus and smallpox. d. the end of the bubonic plague. e. an increase in women who married during their childbearing years.
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c. the end of typhus and smallpox.
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The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the a. manorial system. b. cottage system. c. mercantile system. d. laissez-faire. e. the putting-in system.
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b. cottage system.
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A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was a. the creation of insurance policies. b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage. c. international currency markets and arbitrage speculation. d. deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms. e. the increased use of specie in preference to less reliable paper money
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b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage
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A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest. b. a lower total amount of British government debt. c. a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in Britain. d. no real curbs on state borrowing in France. e. the abolishment of the Bank of England's influence in economic matters.
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a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
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Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian a. general. b. courtier. c. architect. d. musician. e. composer.
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c. architect.
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Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities? a. They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city. b. They were decreasing dramatically in population. c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation. d. They were becoming more democratic in their government. e. They were becoming politically and leg
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c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.
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By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was a. Berlin. b. Paris. c. St. Petersburg. d. Amsterdam. e. London.
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e. London
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At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a. the old order was under severe attack. b. the old order still remained strong. c. republicanism was in ascendant. d. enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure. e. democracy was spreading
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a. the old order was under severe attack.
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The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except: a. judgment by peers. b. immunity from severe punishment. c. exemptions from most forms of taxation. d. guarantees against becoming poor. e. access to military and civil offices
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d. guarantees against becoming poor.
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The European peasantry in the eighteenth century a. comprised nearly half of Europe's population. b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789. c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners. d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany. e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.
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c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
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Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders. b. deemed contrary to Christian teaching. c. least apparent in Prussia. d. abolished in Britain by Parliament in opposition to the king. e. became dramatically more equal as the century progressed.
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a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders.
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A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was a. the dowry fund for poor women. b. neighborhood confraternities to support social welfare programs. c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children. d. church schools to teach the poor obedience to authority. e. the establishment of safe retreats for prostitutes desiring to leave their profession.
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c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.
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Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade? a. Bordeaux b. Marseilles c. Rome d. Lisbon e. Liverpool
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c. Rome
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All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe. b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade. c. there was a dramatic increase in trade between European nations and their colonies. d. the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of European cities. e. overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.
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b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade.
