Ap Euro Ch 13-22 Practice Questions – Flashcards

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question
Florentine wealth in the fourteenth century was based most prominently on what source of income?
answer
dominance of European banking
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How did the nobility in northern Italy respond to the growth of power and wealth among the urban merchant guilds?
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The nobility moved into the cities and married into rich commercial families.
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How did the states of northern Europe differ from the Italian city-states?
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The states of northern Europe moved toward centralization and consolidation, while the Italian city-states remained fragmented.
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What was the implicit philosophy of humanism in the Renaissance?
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Human nature and achievements, evident in the classics, were worthy of contemplation.
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Why did Renaissance writers find the writings of Plato of particular interest?
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Plato's emphasis on the spiritual and eternal fit well with Christian doctrine about the immortality of the soul.
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What did humanists understand as the goal of a humanist education?
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a life active in the world that benefited the public good
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Which of the following best characterizes the attitudes of humanists toward women receiving humanist educations?
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Many humanists saw the value in exposing women to classical models of moral behavior and reasoning.
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How did Machiavelli understand a ruler's moral duty?
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A ruler's moral duty was to preserve security and order, and any action can and should be used to obtain that end.
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How did the perfect community portrayed in Thomas More's Utopia solve the problem of inequality and greed?
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Profits from business and property were held in common.
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How did the development of printing affect European society?
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The expansion in publications allowed groups of individuals separated by geography to form a common identity.
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How did Renaissance portraiture differ from medieval portraiture?
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Renaissance portraits reflected human ideals rather than spiritual ideals.
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How did art created in northern Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries differ from that produced in Italy?
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Northern art was more religious in orientation.
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How did Renaissance humanists understand the idea of artistic genius?
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Artistic genius was a gift that expressed a unique personality and should not be inhibited by ordinary laws.
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What was the background of most female painters in the Renaissance?
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They were the daughters of painters and of minor noblemen with ties to artistic circles.
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For what type of employment were black men and women especially desired in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe?
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domestic service
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How did the hierarchy of wealth differ from the hierarchy of orders?
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The hierarchy of wealth allowed more change than did the hierarchy of orders, as families' wealth increased and decreased, sometimes within a single generation.
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How did Elizabeth I of England respond to traditional prejudice against female rulers?
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She emphasized traditional masculine qualities in her public appearances.
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In reorganizing the royal council, Charles VII of France gave increased influence to
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lawyers and bankers.
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What did Giorgio Vasari mean by using the word renaissance?
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After centuries of darkness, the glory of the classical past was being reborn in the work of "rare men of genius."
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In the fourteenth century, Florence suffered and survived all of the following except
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invasion of the city's hinterlands by Muslim Ottoman forces.
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How did oligarchic Italian city-states justify their political systems?
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They boasted of their democratic political forms but restricted power to the wealthy elite.
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What was the principal political innovation of the Italian city-states?
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the development of the institutions of modern diplomacy
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How did Renaissance writers interpret Julius Caesar's role in Roman history?
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Julius Caesar's role in transforming the Roman republic into an empire marked the beginning of Rome's decline.
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What did Renaissance writers mean by the term virtù?
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the ability of individuals to shape the world around them according to their will
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Which of the following best characterizes how Plato's idea of perfect forms affected Renaissance thought?
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Knowledge about a subject is best gained by contemplating its perfect, ideal form rather than actual examples of it.
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What did Machiavelli emphasize as the primary function of a ruler?
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to preserve order and security
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How did the northern humanists differ from the Italian humanists?
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The northern humanists sought to more thoroughly synthesize the Christian and classical traditions in order to promote reform of the church.
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What is the essence of Desiderius Erasmus's thought?
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Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart or spirit.
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How did government and church leaders respond to the expansion in printing?
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Both church and government leaders printed propaganda and sought to censor books and authors they objected to.
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What did the relationship between Pope Julius II and Michelangelo reveal?
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the power that a wealthy, influential patron held over an artist
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What were the principal themes of Raphael Sanzio's treatises on his philosophy of art?
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the importance of imitating nature and developing an orderly sequence of design and proportion
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In what types of art did women most commonly participate?
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in "decorative" arts such as needlework and painting on porcelain
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In the fifteenth century the number of black slaves entering Europe
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began to increase.
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What general attitudes did Europeans have toward Africa?
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Africa was a remote place isolated by heresy and Islam from the superior European population.
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To enhance their social status, wealthy merchants did all of the following except
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have their sons become parish priests.
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In the fifteenth century rulers in western Europe did all of the following to rebuild their governments except
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destroy noble power.
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How did the French monarchy and the papacy resolve the conflict over the appointment of church officials?
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The papacy received the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the king had the right to select bishops and abbots.
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Humanism emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
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rejecting religious rituals, institutions, and beliefs.
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Petrarch felt that the ultimate importance of studying the ancients was that it would enable people to
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imitate them, and thereby become more virtuous.
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Participation in public affairs was linked to early humanism by all of the following EXCEPT that
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humanists hoped to use government institutions to reform the masses.
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As humanism spread, it had an impact as all of the following EXCEPT
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a political philosophy that caused the decline of despotism and rise of democracy.
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The neoplatonists changed humanism by emphasizing all of the following EXCEPT
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the irreconcilability of divergent truths.
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The three friends who started the artistic revolution of the Renaissance include all EXCEPT
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Leonardo, the multifaceted genius who painted masterpieces, studied nature, and built fortifications.
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The High Renaissance
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brought to a climax the artistic trends begun a century before.
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The status of artists rose during the Renaissance because
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their works became status symbols for the upper classes, who sought distinction as patrons of the arts.
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Northern culture was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
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a rejection of Renaissance culture as impious.
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Northern culture differed from Italian because
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the percentage of townspeople was far lower in the North.
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Around 1500, northern Europe contained the chief center of
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music.
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The chief change in late Medieval Scholasticism was
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a focus on the way we describe things rather than on the reality of things.
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Marsilius of Padua based his critique of Church power on
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the nominalist position that reality is made up of discrete objects, not embracing universals.
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The popes responded to their financial problems with all of the following measures EXCEPT
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drastically reducing papal expenses by adopting a cult of virtuous poverty.
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By end of the Great Schism
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everyone in Europe had been excommunicated.
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The popes attempted to restore their power and prestige through all of the following EXCEPT
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a thoroughgoing reform of corrupt Church institutions.
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Late Medieval mysticism emphasized
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the interior experience of communion with God.
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Lay piety involved all of the following EXCEPT
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greater dependence on clerical intercession with God.
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Both Wycliff and Hus emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
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the invalidity of the sacraments.
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Humanism influenced religious dissent by
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emphasizing the superiority of original texts.
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In the early sixteenth century, men and women demonstrated their religious piety through all of the following means except
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strong support for the church and clergy.
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In the early sixteenth century, why did city leaders have growing conflicts with the church?
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City governments wanted greater input into the appointment of church leaders, who were responsible for major institutions and large amounts of lands in their cities.
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Which of the following best characterizes an indulgence?
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An indulgence substituted a virtuous act from the treasury of merit for penance or time in purgatory
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How did Protestants alter traditional Catholic teaching about religious authority?
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Protestants asserted that authority rested in the Bible alone.
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How did humanists respond to the Lutheran reform movement?
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Many humanists were attracted to the idea of a simpler, personal religion that emphasized reading and reflecting on the Scriptures.
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How did the reform efforts of the religious radicals differ from the reform movements of Luther and Zwingli?
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Luther and Zwingli worked with political authorities to institute church reform, whereas religious radicals sought to create voluntary communities of believers separate from the state.
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How did Protestants alter marriage relationships?
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Most Protestants came to allow divorce, though it was still strongly discouraged.
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Success in squelching reform movements could be more easily achieved if
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a strong central government existed that opposed the reform movement.
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German rulers embraced Luther's ideas for all of the following reasons except
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rulers could attack nobles who refused to embrace religious reform.
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Why did Henry VIII believe that God was displeased with his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
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Catherine was the widow of Henry's older brother, and marriage to a brother's widow violated canon law.
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How did the Reformation in England affect the Tudor state?
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The state bureaucracy had to grow in size and efficiency in order to manage the Crown's new lands and responsibilities.
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How did the Anglican Church seek a moderate position between Catholics and Protestants?
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Anglican services were conducted in English and clergymen were allowed to marry, but the church remained hierarchical and continued to feature elaborate services.
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All of the following contributed to the defeat of the Spanish Armada except
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nterference from Dutch ships that disrupted Spanish communication.
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How did Protestantism successfully establish itself in Hungary?
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Even as political and Catholic leaders plotted a move against Lutheranism, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman overthrew the Hungarian monarchy, and subsequently the people of Hungary were permitted to follow different versions of Christianity.
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Historians understand the developments within the Catholic Church after the Reformation as two interrelated movements,
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an internal reform movement tied to earlier reform efforts and a movement that opposed Protestantism.
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The Council of Trent initiated all of the following reforms except
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verifying the validity of indulgences and initiating future indulgences.
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The French Calvinist movement initially drew converts from
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reform-minded members of the Catholic clergy, industrious city dwellers, and artisan groups.
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The politiques in France promoted the idea
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that only a strong monarchy could prevent the total collapse of society.
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How did Christian theologians and canon lawyers transform the idea of witchcraft in the later Middle Ages?
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They emphasized the idea of a pact with the Devil as the essence of witchcraft.
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Why did inquisitions often not lead to the execution of accused witches?
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Inquisitors doubted that people accused of witchcraft had made pacts with the Devil, believing instead that such people were superstitious and ignorant peasants.
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In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following problems except
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inconsistencies in church doctrine.
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What new understanding of salvation did Martin Luther propose?
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Salvation comes through faith, which is a free gift of God's grace rather than the result of human effort.
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What was the consequence of Luther's appearance at the Diet of Worms?
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His reform ideas were spread even further, and other individuals throughout central Europe began to speak out against church doctrines and practices.
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Early Protestants strongly disagreed among themselves on the issue of
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the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
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How did city councils in Switzerland and south Germany implement religious reform?
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They appointed pastors who had accepted Protestant ideas and required them to swear an oath of loyalty to the town council.
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How did Luther justify his refusal to support the peasants' cause in the German Peasants' War?
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He believed freedom meant independence from the authority of the Roman church, not opposition to legitimate secular powers.
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How did Protestant cities address the issue of prostitution?
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Protestant cities closed brothels and established harsh punishments for prostitution.
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What did Charles V believe was his primary duty as Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain?
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to maintain the political and religious unity of Western Christendom
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What was the consequence of Charles V's initial military success in his war against Protestantism in the 1540s?
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The papacy withdrew its military support of Charles, and the Catholic king of France sent troops to support the Protestant forces.
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How did Henry VIII dispose of lands seized from the church?
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He sold the lands to the middle and upper classes, tying them to both the Tudor dynasty and the new Protestant church.
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The English Reformation affected Ireland in all of the following ways except
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the influence of the Catholic clergy over the common people of Ireland was destroyed.
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Calvinism influenced all of the following reform movements except
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the Zwinglian church in Zurich.
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Who was established as the governing body of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland?
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councils of ministers
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Why did reform movements fail to undermine Catholic dominance in Poland-Lithuania?
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Germanized towns were attracted to Lutheranism, but the Polish nobility preferred Calvinism, leaving the reform movement divided.
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The Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition had all of the following authority except
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the right to define church doctrine.
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What was France's goal at the Council of Trent?
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The French wanted Catholics and Lutherans to remain divided so that Germany would continue to be decentralized.
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On Saint Bartholomew's Day in 1572, Catholics in Paris
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slaughtered large numbers of Protestants who had gathered for the wedding of the king's sister.
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In terms of its appeal, how did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?
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Lutherans taught respect for political authorities, while Calvinism encouraged opposition to authorities who were judged to be ungodly.
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How did changes in legal procedure allow for more witchcraft trials?
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The new inquisitorial procedure allowed an individual to accuse someone of witchcraft without having to face the accused.
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Why were witch panics most common in small territorial states?
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Rulers of small territories felt threatened and saw persecution of witches as a way to demonstrate their piety and concern for order.
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The two traditions about how a sinful human beings can gain salvation are
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Church ritual and individual faith.
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In the late Medieval period, lay people sought a more personal religious experience through all EXCEPT
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joining religious orders in unprecedented numbers.
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All of the following eroded the prestige of the late Medieval papacy EXCEPT
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the successes of the Ottoman Turks.
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New religious ideas were spread in all of the following ways EXCEPT
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sermons by the clergy.
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The Christian Humanists attempted to use humanistic techniques in the service of religion by
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retranslating and reanalyzing the Bible to understand it more accurately.
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The Holy Roman Empire was ripe for Reformation for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
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the Holy Roman Emperor wanted to gain independence from the pope.
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Martin Luther's basic problem was that
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he felt a righteous God would never forgive his sins.
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The pope excommunicated Luther because
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he rejected the pope's authority and the validity of the sacraments.
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Luther's last major act of reform was to
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translate the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it for themselves.
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Popular enthusiasm for Luther's revolt was demonstrated by all of the following EXCEPT
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radical preachers began calling for Lutheranism to be institutionalized as the Empire's state church.
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All of the following groups invoked Luther's ideas to justify taking up arms EXCEPT
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the Swiss cantons.
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Luther's doctrine of the equality of all believers in the eyes of God had all of the following effects EXCEPT
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it originated independent and pioneering behavior among Europeans.
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Zwingli and Luther were unable to resolve their differences on
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exactly what happens during communion.
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The Melchiorite Anabaptists at Münster did all of the following EXCEPT
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forcibly rebaptized all citizens.
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Calvinism was well adapted to struggle against Catholicism for all the following reasons EXCEPT
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its tenets were left vague, so different congregations could adapt them to local conditions.
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Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome
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to get a divorce.
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The pre-existing strengths of the Catholic Church included all of the following EXCEPT
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clearly defined doctrines.
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The Council of Trent accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
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updating the version of the Bible accepted as authoritative.
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The most common contribution of women to the Counter-Reformation was
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through charitable activities.
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The core element of Ignatius Loyola's new order was
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carefully structured spiritual experiences.
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All of the following were principal functions of the Society of Jesus EXCEPT
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writing scholarly works.
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From what did the European voyages of discovery derive?
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the desire to share in and control the wealth coming from the Indian Ocean trade
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With which Christian state in Africa did European rulers have occasional contact?
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the kingdom of Ethiopia
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Which of the following best characterizes Venice's trade with Mamluk Egypt in the fifteenth century?
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The trade was small in volume but highly profitable.
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What Renaissance characteristic did the European expansion manifest?
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a curiosity about geography and the peoples of the world
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The crews of ships of European exploration included all of the following except
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women.
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What role did Prince Henry play in European expansion?
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He supported the study of geography and navigation and sponsored expeditions down the coast of Africa.
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How did the Portuguese gain control of port city-states in the Indian Ocean?
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bombarded the ports in order to force them to open trade with the Portuguese.
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What rewards was Columbus to receive if he was successful on his initial voyage?
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Columbus was to be named viceroy over any territory he discovered and would receive one-tenth of the material rewards of his journey.
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How did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the globe?
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Spain was given control of everything to the west of a line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal was given control of everything to the east.
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Why did fierce competition emerge over cod in the waters off Newfoundland?
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The Catholic prohibition of eating meat on Fridays and during Lent created a thriving European market for fish.
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What aided Hernando Cortés in his final victory over the Mexica in 1621?
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Smallpox had weakened and reduced the Mexica population.
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How did the French colonial effort differ from that of the Spanish and the English?
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France's colonial population was much smaller, but French explorers followed the waterways of the New World to establish a presence over a vast territory.
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How did the encomienda system function?
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The Spanish crown granted colonists the right to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for giving them food and shelter.
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How did English cultural attitudes toward Native Americans differ from French cultural attitudes?
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The English drew strict boundaries between European and Native American societies, while the French promoted ties between the two societies.
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What crop did the Spanish establish in all of their American settlements?
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wheat
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Sugar production placed stress on laborers for all of the following reasons except
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the high mountain plantations placed stress on the respiratory systems of the laborers.
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Who was hurt and who was helped by price inflation in sixteenth-century Europe?
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People living on fixed incomes, such as nobles, were hurt, while those who owed fixed sums of money, such as the middle class, prospered.
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The Dutch achieved all of the following in the Americas except for
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taking over the Potosí silver mine.
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How did European ideas about Africans develop as the practice of slavery developed?
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Africans were increasingly viewed as utterly distinct from, and inferior to, Europeans.
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Michel de Montaigne made use of the tradition of skepticism, which emphasized
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doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge can ever be obtained.
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How were most of the cities around the Indian Ocean politically organized?
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They were autonomous, self-governing cities.
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How did the Ottoman expansion affect European trade?
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It led Europeans to seek new trade routes to Asia.
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In the fifteenth century, which Italian city became increasingly focused on trade and finance in the western Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coast?
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Genoa
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In the fifteenth century, spices from the East were desirable to Europeans for all of the following reasons except
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spices could be used as a food preservative.
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Arab ships introduced what innovation to Europeans?
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the lateen sail
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What type of relationship did Vasco da Gama forge with local powers in Calicut?
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He angered Muslim merchants with his arrogance and failed to forge any trading alliances.
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What were the portolans that aided in Portuguese shipping?
answer
written descriptions of the courses along which ships sailed
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Which of the following best characterizes Columbus's success in administering the lands he discovered?
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His poor leadership led to a revolt, and he was returned to Spain in chains, though he was quickly cleared of wrongdoing.
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In the early decades of Atlantic exploration, English and French explorers sought
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a northwest passage to the Indies.
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What factor was most important in the success of Cortés and Pizarro?
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the exploitation of internal conflicts within the empires they overthrew
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How did Francisco Pizarro respond when Atahualpa sought to lure him into a trap?
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Pizarro ambushed and captured Atahualpa, collected a large ransom for him, and then executed him.
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What role did intendants serve in Spanish America?
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The intendants held broad administrative, military, and judicial powers and reported directly to the monarchy.
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Forced labor affected Native American society in all of the following ways except
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Native Americans were exposed as being physically frailer than African slaves.
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How did mestizos differ from mulattoes?
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The term mestizo referred to people of mixed Native American and European origin, while mulatto referred to people of mixed African and European origin.
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Why had the supply of slaves diminished in the Mediterranean by the beginning of the sixteenth century?
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The Ottoman capture of Constantinople and the Christian conquest of Spain had cut off or greatly reduced traditional sources of slaves.
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Why did Spain's productive capacity decline during its golden age?
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The Spanish economy could not meet the demand for goods, leading to widespread inflation, which in turn increased production costs.
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In Asia, the Dutch focused on gaining control over
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the spice trade.
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When Europeans first began enslaving Africans, how did they justify the practice?
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The primitive Africans would benefit from enslavement by learning of Christianity.
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The works of Michel de Montaigne suggested the idea that
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no culture can be considered to be superior to another.
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William Shakespeare's last play, The Tempest, seems to echo
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the problems of imperial conquest and settlement in the sixteenth century.
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All of the following were true of Europe's population growth in the sixteenth century EXCEPT
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it caused the decline of the wool trade as pastures became cropland.
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Europe's economic expansion was fueled by all of the following EXCEPT
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government's stabilizing influence on the financial markets.
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Which of the following business concepts originated during this period?
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the business firm as an entity independent of its owner.
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During the sixteenth century, all of the following followed from the commercial revolution EXCEPT
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private charity was rapidly mobilized and proved sufficient to solve the problem.
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The most widely shared motivation behind the voyages of exploration and conquest was
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the lure of riche
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The Portuguese empire was all of the following EXCEPT
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welcomed by the South Asians as a new source of wealth that would benefit everyone.
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The Spanish empire was all of the following EXCEPT
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established almost bloodlessly and maintained with minimal disruption of the Native Americans' lives.
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The Europeans needed to bring Black African slaves to America because
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millions of Native Americans died from disease and mistreatment after they were conquered.
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Exploration and colonization brought all of the following benefits to Europe EXCEPT
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economic expansion alleviated the poverty of Europe's lower classes.
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The most important "new" monarchs were rulers of all of the following EXCEPT
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Italy
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Henry VII and Henry VIII were similar in their
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greater interest in domestic than foreign affairs
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At the end of the Hundred Years' War, the key to the French monarchy's power was its
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standing army.
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Louis XI's most notable achievement was
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the destruction of Burgundy.
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Which of the following Valois kings accomplished the most during his reign?
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Francis I.
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Ferdinand and Isabella followed all of the following policies while uniting Spain EXCEPT
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using viceroys to create a uniform administration in all parts of the realm.
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The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V also ruled all of the following territories EXCEPT
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France and England.
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The main locus of power in the Holy Roman Empire was
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the princes.
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The nobles of Hungary did all of the following EXCEPT
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give up their German lands to gain Habsburg support.
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The essential innovation of Italian diplomacy was
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the resident ambassador.
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Machiavelli's essential innovation was to focus on
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the practicalities of how power works.
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Philip II of Spain dominated the second half of the sixteenth century because of his
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determination to defeat the enemies of Catholicism.
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England's victory over the Spanish Armada accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
answer
sparking rebellions in Portugal, Catalonia, Naples, and Sicily.
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The Dutch revolt was all of the following EXCEPT
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the first of the religious wars to end with a treaty ensuring tolerance for both confessions.
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All of the following were issues in the French Civil War EXCEPT
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Philip II's desire to draw France into his dynastic empire.
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All of the following were true of the combatants in the Thirty Years' War EXCEPT
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The Swedes, Spanish, and French sought to keep the Empire weak to enhance their own relative strength.
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The Peace of Westphalia was important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
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it secured Spanish control of Holland.
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The primary cause of the military revolution was
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gunpowder.
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Between 1550 and 1700, the size of the leading army in Europe increased
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from 40,000 to 400,000 men.
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The growth of the military caused all of the following to increase EXCEPT
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the amount of damage done by soldiers to the areas they were stationed.
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All of the following social groups were centers of opposition to the English monarch EXCEPT
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the nobility.
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The Petition of Rights called for and end to all of the following EXCEPT
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the king's right to dissolve Parliament.
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The major factions in the English Civil War included all of the following EXCEPT
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Lutherans, who wanted to make the original Protestantism as the state religion.
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The English Civil War ended with the Restoration of the Stuart dynasty because
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the rebels were unable to create viable permanent structures.
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Henry IV's accomplishments included all of the following EXCEPT
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leading the French intervention in the Holy Roman Empire that frustrated Habsburg designs.
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Cardinal Richelieu accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
answer
leading the French to final victory in the Thirty Years' War.
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The growth of royal power in France caused discontent in all of the following groups EXCEPT
answer
merchants, who opposed the heavy hand of government regulation.
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The Fronde failed because of
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the disunity of the rebels.
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Spain suffered from all of the following problems in the mid-seventeenth century EXCEPT
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foreign enemies had invaded the country and seized its most valuable territories.
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Which of the following was able to break away from the Spanish control during the revolts at mid-century?
answer
Portugal.
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The primary constitutional struggle in the United Provinces was between
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the House of Orange, backed by the rural provinces, and the merchant oligarchy that controlled Holland.
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Gustavus Adolphus accomplished all of the following for Sweden EXCEPT
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he tamed the nobility so the country was spared constitutional turmoil for centuries.
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The Romanov dynasty in Russia accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
answer
keeping the Ukraine from switching allegiance to Poland.
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Which of the following was not one of the primary groups within rural life in western Europe?
answer
serfs who were required to work for the local lord and did not own land in their own right
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Why did the economic position of peasants in eastern Europe erode?
answer
Eastern lords responded to the labor shortages caused by the Black Death by restricting the right of their peasants to move about and seek better opportunities.
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What political action did the Holy Roman emperor take during the second, or Danish, phase of the Thirty Years' War?
answer
He ordered that all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism be restored.
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How did rulers transform the structure of armies in the seventeenth century?
answer
Army officers were required to be loyal and obedient to the monarchs who commanded them.
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What was Cardinal Richelieu's main foreign policy goal?
answer
to destroy the Habsburgs' control of territories that surrounded France
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Why did Louis XIV select councilors from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class?
answer
He wanted to show the public that he did not intend to share power with his ministers.
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How was Louis XIV able to compel the nobility to participate in the elaborate court rituals of Versailles?
answer
he king granted privileges, titles, and offices to those who played by his rules and denied such benefits to those who did not.
question
Which of the following is not a component of mercantilism?
answer
Colonial activity expends wealth that a country could apply to the development of national industries.
question
How did Spain's financial position deteriorate in the mid-1600s?
answer
Spain's South American silver mines became much less productive.
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What did nobles in Austria and Prussia receive in exchange for growing monarchical authority?
answer
Nobles remained as unchallenged masters of their peasants.
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What were the military service requirements established for Prussian men in 1733?
answer
All men had to undergo military training and serve as reservists in the army.
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Of whom did the Russian rulers see themselves as heirs?
answer
the Byzantine Empire
question
How did the Romanovs fund their bid for territorial expansion?
answer
with profits from the natural resources of Siberia
question
In his effort to establish St. Petersburg as Russia's capital, Peter the Great required all of the following except
answer
foreigners were required to pay for the city's infrastructure in order to conduct business in Russia.
question
How did the Ottomans establish an effective bureaucracy?
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They trained slaves to administer, and the most talented slaves rose to the top of the bureaucracy.
question
What was James I's greatest problem when he assumed the throne of England?
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James's belief that a monarch was responsible only to God contradicted English tradition that private property could not be seized without due process of law.
question
How did Charles I seek to address his financial crisis?
answer
He revived medieval laws that permitted him to levy taxes considered illegal by most people.
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Which of the following best characterizes Oliver Cromwell's religious policies?
answer
He forbade the practice of Catholicism but welcomed the immigration of Jews to England.
question
How did the coronation of William and Mary resolve the issue of sovereignty in England?
answer
Sovereignty was divided between the monarchy and Parliament, and the king ruled with the consent of the governed.
question
John Locke's view of natural rights included all of the following except
answer
all men have the right of consent and must therefore hold the right to vote.
question
Which of the following best describes the "little ice age" of the seventeenth century?
answer
Shortened farming seasons led to food shortages, malnutrition, and disease.
question
How did the urban-rural dynamic change in eastern Europe in the seventeenth century?
answer
Landlords sold products directly to foreigners, bypassing local towns, and the population of the towns and the urban middle class subsequently declined.
question
How did the Peace of Westphalia affect the power of the Holy Roman emperor in central Europe?
answer
The treaty confirmed the emperor's severely limited authority.
question
Over the course of the seventeenth century, how did rulers improve their response to popular revolts?
answer
Municipal governments were better integrated into the national structure, and local authorities received prompt military support from the central government.
question
What was the most important consequence of the Fronde?
answer
The French desired a strong monarch to reimpose order.
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Louis XIV had all of the following constraints on his power except
answer
he had no authority to appoint church officials, who often worked against his plans.
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What role did women play in the French patronage systems?
answer
Women brokered alliances between factions, advocated policy decisions, and recommended individuals for honors.
question
What Louis XIV's goal in keeping France at war for so much of his reign?
answer
Louis wanted to expand France to what he considered its natural borders.
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What was the fundamentally flawed idea that the Count-Duke Olivares promoted in Spain?
answer
Spain's difficulties could be solved by a return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century.
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What result emerged from the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659?
answer
Spain surrendered extensive territories to France.
question
How did the Habsburgs' losses in the Thirty Years' War affect their political ambitions?
answer
The Habsburgs turned their attention inward and eastward and strove to unify their domains.
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How did Ivan IV seek to crush the power of the boyars?
answer
He created a new service nobility dependent on the state for their titles and estates.
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How did Peter the Great seek to reward talented individuals of non-noble origins?
answer
He created a bureaucracy with fourteen ranks and required everyone to work his way up from the bottom.
question
How did the Ottomans understand the fall of Constantinople?
answer
The fall of Constantinople signified the liberation of a glorious city from its long decline under the Byzantines.
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How did the Ottomans organize their various religious factions within their empire?
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Each religious group was organized into a millet or nation that enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.
question
Why were religious tensions in England increasing in the early seventeenth century?
answer
Puritans believed that the Church of England needed to be cleansed of Roman Catholic elements.
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What did Thomas Hobbes believe was the only solution for managing humans' violent hunger for power and wealth?
answer
a social contract in which all members of society submit to the absolute rule of a monarch, who maintains peace and order
question
How did Charles II seek to address his lack of adequate income from Parliament?
answer
He accepted funds from Louis XIV of France in return for promising to move England toward Catholicism.
question
What change in political practice marked a significant decline in the monarchy's decision-making authority in England?
answer
King George II stopped attending cabinet meetings.
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Who held the majority of political authority in the Dutch Republic?
answer
an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen called "regents" who handled domestic affairs in each province's Estates
question
The Catholic Church wanted the baroque movement to promote what sensibility?
answer
an intensely emotional, exuberant sensibility that emphasized ceaseless striving
question
How did Ptolemy account for the apparent backward motion of planets?
answer
He asserted that the planets moved in small circles as they moved along the larger circles of their orbits.
question
Renaissance scholars recovered many works of Greek and Roman science through
answer
Arabic translations of the original ancient books.
question
Which of the following was one of the important scientific or religious implications of the Copernican hypothesis?
answer
By positing that the earth is simply another planet, Copernicus destroyed Aristotle's idea that the earthly and heavenly worlds are fundamentally different from each other.
question
Which of the following does not accurately describe one of Kepler's laws of planetary motion?
answer
The gravitational pull exerted on a planet by the sun is balanced by the planet's natural inclination to move in a straight line.
question
Of his many accomplishments, what was Galileo's greatest achievement?
answer
the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method
question
In addition to his work in astronomy, Isaac Newton gave long effort to working in all of the following fields except
answer
medicine.
question
How did Descartes understand the basic matter of the universe?
answer
Descartes believed that matter was composed of identical corpuscules that collided together in an endless series of motions.
question
How did the scientific revolution affect women's roles in scientific scholarship?
answer
The rise of professional scientific communities created more barriers for women than had existed in Renaissance courts.
question
Why did some countries prove to be more hospitable environments for the development of science?
answer
Countries that lacked a strong religious authority capable of suppressing "heretical" scientific work saw science prosper.
question
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Renaissance?
answer
Renaissance thinkers took inspiration from the classical past, but Enlightenment thinkers believed their era had gone far beyond antiquity.
question
Which of the following is not a part of John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding?
answer
All human ideas are produced from innate structures of reason and logic.
question
What image did the baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize the oppression of despotism?
answer
Persian harem
question
What opinion did Voltaire hold with regard to social and economic equality in human affairs?
answer
The idea of making poor, uneducated servants equal to their masters was absurd.
question
In the Scottish Enlightenment, how did David Hume build on John Locke's teachings to challenge Christianity?
answer
Hume argued that since all of our ideas emanate from our sense experiences, we cannot know anything about the origin of the universe or the existence of God.
question
What role did the salonnières play within salons?
answer
The salonnières mediated among individuals of different status and different philosophical, religious, and social beliefs.
question
All of the following emerged in the Enlightenment as sites of public and philosophical discussion except
answer
taverns.
question
Which of the following best characterizes the philosophes' attitude toward the common people?
answer
The common people were like little children in that they were deluded by superstitions and driven by violent passions.
question
On what basis did Rousseau criticize women?
answer
Women's love for displaying themselves in public and pulling the strings of power had a corrupting effect on both politics and society.
question
How did most Enlightenment thinkers outside of England and the Netherlands believe that political reform could most likely occur?
answer
through the actions of rulers
question
How did Frederick II of Prussia provide a new justification for monarchy?
answer
With his reforms, Frederick justified monarchy in terms of practical results.
question
What was the consequence of Pugachev's rebellion in Russia?
answer
The rebellion brought an end to any intentions Catherine the Great might have had about reforming the system of serfdom in Russia.
question
The Haskalah movement was accompanied by what change within Jewish communities?
answer
the loosening of rabbinic authority
question
Why did Christian theologians adopt Aristotle's ideas?
answer
Aristotle's ideas made humans the center of the universe and the central link in "a great chain of being" that stretched from God to the lowest life forms on earth.
question
Why did Copernicus find Ptolemy's work unsatisfactory?
answer
Copernicus believed Ptolemy's mathematically cumbersome and occasionally inaccurate rules detracted from the majesty of a perfect creator.
question
How did a new star that appeared in 1572 and shone brightly for two years challenge accepted ideas about the heavens?
answer
It contradicted the idea that the heavenly spheres were perfect and unchanging.
question
In developing his planetary theory, Johannes Kepler used and developed data that had been collected by
answer
Tycho Brahe.
question
How did Galileo respond to imprisonment and the threat of torture when accused of heresy by the papal Inquisition?
answer
He recanted his Copernican errors.
question
What was the central component of Isaac Newton's unified system of the universe?
answer
Every body in the universe attracts every other body in a precisely mathematical relationship.
question
René Descartes's dualism understood the world as consisting of what two substances?
answer
matter and mind
question
How did religious communities regard the new science up until the 1630s?
answer
Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish religious officials opposed the Copernican system.
question
Which of the following was not one of the three core concepts of Enlightenment thinking?
answer
All people are equally capable of advanced reasoning with rational and clear methods.
question
Which of the following best summarizes the ideas of Baruch Spinoza?
answer
God and nature are two names for the same thing, and good and evil are merely relative values in a deterministic universe.
question
Why did the Enlightenment reach its highest development in France?
answer
The French philosophes sought to reach a larger audience of elites, many of whom were joined together in a "republic of letters."
question
What condition did Montesquieu believe was central to promoting liberty and preventing tyranny?
answer
a division of political power among a variety of classes holding unequal rights
question
What was the central assumption of the Encyclopedia?
answer
Knowledge would result in greater human happiness by making possible economic, social, and political progress.
question
How did the nature of reading change in the "reading revolution"?
answer
Reading began to involve a more diverse array of books and was done privately and silently.
question
Which of the following best characterizes the philosophes' view of women's rights?
answer
Some philosophes championed greater rights and expanded education for women, but greater rights did not mean equal rights.
question
Which of the following best characterizes the public sphere of the Enlightenment?
answer
The public sphere was an idealized space informed by critical reason where individuals discussed and debated the issues of the day.
question
According to Immanuel Kant, from whom did all modern races derive?
answer
an original race of "white brunette" people
question
What did Immanuel Kant mean by sapere aude?
answer
Have the courage to use your own understanding.
question
For Prussia, what was the most important consequence of the War of the Austrian Succession?
answer
Prussia added Silesia to its territory, doubling its population and securing its position as a Great Power.
question
What was the principal idea of cameralism?
answer
All elements of society should be placed at the service of the monarchy, which should use its resources and authority to improve society.
question
Maria Theresa of Austria sought to introduce all of the following reforms except
answer
reforms granting the different ethnic groups within her empire equal status under the law.
question
How did Catherine the Great respond to the large Jewish population she gained after annexing part of Poland?
answer
Catherine required most Jews to live in a region of eastern Europe called the Pale of Settlement.
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