question

Abstract

answer

A severe abridgement that summarizes the principle ideas or arguments advanced in a much longer work

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Ad Hominem Fallacy

answer

An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case

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Aesthetic

answer

The study or philosophy of the beautiful in nature and art.

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Allegory

answer

A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.

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Alliteration

answer

Repeating sound at the beginning of several nearby words

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Allusion

answer

A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event or another passage of literature often without explicit identification

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Ambiguity

answer

The state of having more than one meaning, with resultant uncertainty as to the intended significance of the statement

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Anachronism

answer

Assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence

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Analogy

answer

Comparison of two things alike in certain aspects

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Anapest

answer

Consisting of three syllables with two unaccented followed by one accented

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Anaphora

answer

The intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect

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Anastrophe

answer

Inverted order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme. e.g. "I walked up the door, shut the stairs..."

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Anastrophe

answer

Inverted order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme. E.g. "I walked up the door, shut the stairs..."

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Anecdote

answer

A short narrative

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Anecdote

answer

A short entertaining account of some happening

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Antagonist

answer

The character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends with

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Antecedent

answer

The word or phrase that determines what a pronoun is referring to.

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Anthropomorphism

answer

The ascription of human characteristics to nonhuman objects. The conceptual presentation of some nonhuman entity in a believably human form.

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Anticlimax

answer

An arrangement of detail such that the lesser appears at the point where something greater is expected

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Antihero

answer

A protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.

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Antithesis

answer

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases

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Antithesis

answer

Opposition or contrast emphasized by parallel structure

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Apostrophe

answer

A figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman.

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Appeal to Authority

answer

Citation of information from people recognized for their special knowledge of a subject for the purpose of strengthening an argument

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Archaism

answer

Obsolete phrasing, idiom, syntax or spelling

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Aside

answer

A few words or a short passage spoken by one character to the audience which is not audible to other characters.

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Assonance

answer

Repeating identical or similar vowel sounds in nearby words

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Asyndeton

answer

The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases or clauses

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Atmosphere

answer

The prevailing tone or mood of a literary work particularly the mood that is established by the setting or landscape

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Ballad

answer

A long, narrative poem, usually in meter and rhyme. Typically has a naive folksy quality.

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Bathos

answer

Writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries too hard to be a tear jerker.

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Begging the Question

answer

A fallacy that assumes as true the very thing that one is trying to prove

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Bildungsroman

answer

A novel that deals with the development of a young person, usually from adolescence to maturity

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Black Humor

answer

The use of the morbid and the absurd for a darkly comic purposes

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Blank Verse

answer

Unrhymed but otherwise regular verse, usually iambic pentameter

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Bombast

answer

Pretentious, exaggeratedly learned language.

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Burlesque

answer

Broad parody, one that takes a style or form and exaggerates it into ridiculousness.

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Cacophony

answer

In poetry, using deliberately harsh, awkward sounds.

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Cadence

answer

The beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense.

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Caesura

answer

A pause or break in a line of verse

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Canon

answer

A standard of judgment; a criterion

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Canto

answer

The name for a section division in a long work of poetry.

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Caricature

answer

A portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality.

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Catharsis

answer

Drawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play

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Cause and Effect

answer

Examination of the causes/and or effects of a situation or phenomenon

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Chiasmus

answer

A pattern in which the second part is balanced against the first part but with the second part reverse (x-shaped)

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Chorus

answer

The song or refrain that a group of singers sings

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Claim

answer

A statement or assertion that is open to challenge and that requires support.

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Classic

answer

Typical, or an accepted masterpiece.

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Classification as a Means of Ordering

answer

Arrangement of objects according to class

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Climax

answer

The moment of greatest intensity in a text, or the major turning point in the plot.

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Closure

answer

An ending or completion, or something that gives a sense of finality.

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Coinage

answer

A new word, usually one invented on the spot.

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Colloquialism

answer

An informal expression, or slang term; acceptable in conversation but not usually in formal writing.

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Conceit

answer

An extended metaphor, or an elaborate parallel between two seemingly dissimilar objects or ideas.

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Conclusion

answer

The end of an argument, that function of which is to summarize or draw together what has come before and/or to draw final inferences from what has already been stated.

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Connotation

answer

The association or implied meaning that a word carries along with its literal meaning.

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Consequence

answer

An inference or conclusion derived through logic, or the result following from a cause.

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Consonance

answer

Repeating identical or similar consonant sounds in nearby words

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Continuous Form

answer

The lines of the poem are written without formal groupings

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Convention

answer

In writing, a practice or principle (such as spelling or grammar usage) that is accepted as true or correct.

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Convincing

answer

The process of making an audience believe or agree with something.

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Cosmic Irony

answer

The depiction of fate or the universe as malicious or indifferent to human suffering.

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Couplet

answer

A pair of lines that end in rhyme

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Dactyl

answer

A poetic foot -- heavy, light, light

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Dactyl

answer

A poetic foot -- stressed, unstressed, unstressed

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Damning with Faint Praise

answer

Intentional use of a positive statement that has a negative implication

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Decorum

answer

A character's speech must be styled according to her social station, and in accordance to the situation.

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Deduction

answer

A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies it to a specific case

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Denotation

answer

The literal meaning of a word

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Dialectic

answer

A form of reasoning that proceeds by juxtaposing contradictory ideas and synthesizing or finding areas of agreement between them

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Dialogue

answer

A conversation between two or more speakers; also an exchange of ideas.

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Diction

answer

Specific word choice used in a piece of writing, often chosen for effect but also for correctness and clarity.

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Didactic

answer

Intended to instruct or to educate.

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Digression

answer

To turn or move away from the main subject of discussion or the main argument in a piece of writing.

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Direct Characterization

answer

The writer makes direct statements about a character's personality

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Dirge

answer

A song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, heavy, depressed, and melancholy

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Dirge

answer

A song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, depressed, and melancholy

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Discourse

answer

The wider social and intellectual context in which communication takes place. The implication is that the meaning of works depends on their contest, not just their content.

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Dissonance

answer

Refers to the grating of incompatible sounds.

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Doggerel

answer

Crude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme, like limericks.

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Dramatic Irony

answer

A technique in which the author lets the audience in on a character's situation while the character remains uniformed.

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Dramatic Monologue

answer

When a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience.

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Dystopia

answer

A very unpleasant imaginary world in which ominous tendencies are projected in some disastrous culmination. Opposite of Utopia.

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Elegy

answer

A type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner.

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Elements

answer

Basic techniques of each genre of literature

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Ellipsis

answer

A figure of speech in which a word or short phrase is omitted, but easily understood from the context; also the marks (...) that indicate the omission of a word of phrase.

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Emblem

answer

A concrete object that represents something abstract; unlike a symbol, an emblem has a fixed meaning that does not vary in different contexts

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Emphasis

answer

Force or intensity of expression brought to bear on a particular part of text or speech.

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End Rhyme

answer

Rhyme in which the last word at the end of each verse is the word that rhymes

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End-Stop

answer

A line ending in a full pause, often indicated by punctuation

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Enjambment

answer

The continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause.

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Enthymeme

answer

An informal method of argument in which one of the major premises is implied or assumed rather than stated.

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Epic

answer

A very long narrative poem on a serious theme in a dignified style; typically deal with glorious or profound subject matter.

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Epigraph

answer

A quotation placed at the beginning of a piece of literature or at the beginning of one of its chapters or scenes to provide the reader with some ideas about the content or meaning to follow

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Epiphany

answer

A sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life changing realization that a character reaches in an otherwise ordinary or everyday moment.

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Epistolary

answer

Narrated through letters.

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Epitaph

answer

A brief statement to memorialize a deceased person or a thing, time, or event that has ended.

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Epithet

answer

A short, poetic nickname- often in the form of an adjective or adjectival phrase- attached to the normal name

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Ethos

answer

The overall character, moral makeup, or guiding beliefs of individual, group or institution.

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Eulogy

answer

A formal statement of praise.

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Euphemism

answer

A word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality.

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Euphemism

answer

A word or phrase that is less direct, but that is also less distasteful or less offensive than another

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Euphony

answer

Attempting to group words together harmoniously so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken

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Evidence

answer

Specific facts or examples used to support a claim in a piece of writing.

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Explication

answer

The detailed analysis of a literary work.

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Explicit

answer

To say or write something directly and clearly.

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Exposition

answer

An explanation of the meaning or purpose of a piece of writing, especially one that is difficult to understand.

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Extended Metaphor

answer

A metaphor that continues into the sentences that follow. It is often developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.

question

Fallacy

answer

an incorrect or misleading notion or opinion based on inaccurate facts or invalid reasoning

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False Dilemma Fallacy

answer

Too few of the avaiable alternatives are considered, and all but one are assessed and deemed impossible or unacceptable.

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Farce

answer

Extremely broad humor; in earlier times, a funny play or a comedy

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Feminine Rhyme

answer

Lines rhymed by their final two syllables. Properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed.

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Foil

answer

A character who illuminates the qualities of another character by means of contrast.

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Foot

answer

The basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry, formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed.

question

Foreshadow

answer

To present ideas, images, events, or comments that hint at events to come in a story.

question

Formal

answer

Following established rules or conventions of writing.

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Free Verse

answer

Poetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern

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Genre

answer

A sub-category of literature.

question

Gothic

answer

A sensibility that includes such features as dark, gloomy castles and weird screams from the attic each night.

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Hamartia

answer

A tragic or fatal character flaw that causes the downfall of a person of high status.

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Hero

answer

The principle character in a literary work or narrative.

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Heroic Couplet

answer

Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentameter.

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Hubris

answer

The excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall

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Hyperbole

answer

A deliberate exaggeration or overstatement

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Hypothetical

answer

Involving a hypothesis (an assumption granted for the sake of argument).

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Iamb

answer

A poetic foot -- light, heavy

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Iamb

answer

A poetic foot -- unstressed, stressed

question

Iambic Meter

answer

A line of poetry written with a unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

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Identification

answer

A rhetorical technique in which a speaker suggests his or her similarity or closeness to a particular group, such as the audience.

question

Idiom

answer

A way of speaking that is peculiar to a region, group, or class or the conventional forms peculiar to a language. Also an expression that is odd or incorrect and yet accepted, or one that has a meaning that does not clearly derive from the words that combine to form it.

question

Imagery

answer

Language that brings to mind sense impressions, especially via figures of speech.

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Imagery

answer

Lively diescriptions which impress the images of things upon the mind; figures of speech

question

Implied Metaphor

answer

A metaphor not explicitly stated, that compares two things by using adjectives that commonly describe one thing but are used to describe another

question

In media res

answer

Latin for "in the midst of things," i.e. beginning an epic poem in the middle of the action.

question

Indirect Characterization

answer

The writer reveals information about a character through the character's thoughts, words and actions

question

Induction

answer

A form on reasoning which works from a body of fact to the formulation of a generalization

question

Informal

answer

Refers to language appropriate for everyday, casual, or familiar conversation or writing.

question

Interior Monologue

answer

Refers to writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head; tends to be coherent.

question

Introduction

answer

The first part of an argument, the purpose of which is to establish the topic to be discussed and engage the reader's interest.

question

Inversion

answer

Also called an Anastrophe, inverted order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme

question

Irony

answer

A technique of detachment that draws awareness to the discrepancy between words and their meanings, between expectation and fulfillment, or, most commonly, between that is and what seems to be. Five types: verbal, situational, romantic, dramatic, and cosmic

question

Jargon

answer

Phrases used in an occupation, trade, or field of study.

question

Juxtaposition

answer

The arrangement of two or more ideas side by side for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense or character development

question

Lament

answer

A poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss.

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Lampoon

answer

A satire.

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Literal

answer

Focusing on the explicit meaning of words only, and not dealing with context, connotation, figurative language, or other elements that add deeper shades of meaning to a text.

question

Litotes

answer

A type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect.

question

Logic

answer

The mode of reasoning by which we determine whether something is valid or invalid, according to which any claim should in principle be able to be justified by reasons and evidence.

question

Logos

answer

Greek for wisdom or reason; The process of persuading by means of logic and reason.

question

Lyric

answer

A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.

question

Main Idea

answer

The central meaning, purpose, or concept around which a piece of writing is organized

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Masculine Rhyme

answer

A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable (regular old rhyme)

question

Mediation

answer

The process of bringing opposing parties or positions into a state of accord or compromise; also refers to negotiation.

question

Meiosis

answer

Understatement

question

Melodrama

answer

A form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure.

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Metaphor

answer

A comparison stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one

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Meter

answer

A recognizable pattern of stressed syllables alternation with of more or less stress

question

Metonymy

answer

Using a vaguely suggestive physical object to embody a more general idea. Crown represents royalty and king

question

Metrical Variations

answer

A few lines that violate a well-defined overall metric pattern

question

Mixed Metaphor

answer

One that leaps from one metaphor to a second inconsistent with the first. e.g. "I want to pick your ear" mixed from I want to pick your brain and I want to bend your ear.

question

Mood

answer

The atmosphere of a work of literature; the emotion created by the work (most notably by its setting).

question

Motif

answer

A recurring idea, structure, contrast, or device that develops or informs the major themes of a work of literature.

question

Musical Devices

answer

Elements of literature and poetry that emphasizes sound

question

Myth

answer

A story about the origins of a culture's beliefs and practices or of supernatural phenomena, usually derived from oral tradition and set in an imagined supernatural past.

question

Narrative

answer

A story.

question

Narrative Device

answer

A design or pattern in a literary work used to achieve a particular effect.

question

Narrator

answer

The person who tells a story.

question

Negotiation

answer

The process of discussion and compromise between conflicting positions.

question

Nemesis

answer

The protagonist's arch enemy or supreme and persistent difficulty.

question

Neologism

answer

A new or invented word, expression, or usage.

question

Non Sequitur

answer

A statement that does not follow logically from what preceded it.

question

Nostalgia

answer

A yearning for the past or for some condition or state of existence that cannot be recovered.

question

Objectivity

answer

Treatment of subject matter in an impersonal manner or from an outside view.

question

Octave

answer

Eight lines rhyming A-B-B-A-A-B-B-A

question

Ode

answer

A serious lyric poem, often of significant length, that usually conforms to an elaborate metrical structure.

question

Onomatopoeia

answer

The use of sounds that are similar to the noise they represent for a rhetorical or artistic effect

question

Opening

answer

The beginning of an argument of essay; an introduction.

question

Opposition

answer

A pairing of images whereby each becomes more striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one.

question

Overstatement

answer

An exaggeration of fact, hyperbole

question

Oxymoron

answer

A phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction.

question

Parable

answer

A short narrative that illustrates a moral by means of allegory.

question

Paradox

answer

A situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does not.

question

Parallelism

answer

A pairing of images whereby each becomes more striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one.

question

Paraphrase

answer

To restate phrases and sentences in your own words.

question

Parenthetical Phrase

answer

A phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail.

question

Parody

answer

A humorous and often satirical imitation of the style or particular work of another author.

question

Pastiche

answer

A work that imitates the style of a previous author, work, or literary genre; also work that contains a hodgepodge of elements from different sources.

question

Pastoral

answer

A poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds.

question

Pathos

answer

From the Greek Feelings; Literature that evokes high emotion, most commonly sorrow, pity, or compassion.

question

Pentameter

answer

Poetry consisting of 5 feet in each line

question

Persona

answer

The character an author assumes in a written work.

question

Personification

answer

Abstractions, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are given human characteristics, traits, abilities, or reactions

question

Perspective

answer

The point of view through which a subject or its parts are mentally perceived.

question

Persuading

answer

The process of influencing an audience to alter its actions and attitudes.

question

Plaint

answer

A poem or speech expressing sorrow.

question

Poetic License

answer

The liberty that authors sometimes take with ordinary literary rules.

question

Point of View

answer

The perspective that a narrative takes toward the events it describes.

question

Position

answer

A point of view or opinion on an issue.

question

Prelude

answer

An introductory poem to a longer work of verse.

question

Prior Knowledge

answer

Ideas, facts, or awareness that an audience already possesses about a topic.

question

Propaganda

answer

Ideas, facts, or allegations spread to persuade others to support one's cause or to go against the opposing cause.

question

Prose

answer

Any composition not written in verse.

question

Protagonist

answer

The main character around whom the story revolves.

question

Pun

answer

The usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings.

question

Qualification

answer

A statement that modifies or limits the meaning of a claim.

question

Quatrain

answer

(Stave) stanza of four lines

question

Realism

answer

A loose term that can refer to any work that aims at honest portrayal over sensationalism, exaggeration, or melodrama.

question

Reason

answer

A statement offered as an explanation or justification for something.

question

Red Herring

answer

Something that distracts attention from the real issue.

question

Refrain

answer

A line or set of lines at the end of a stanza or section of a longer poem or song- these lines repeat at regular intervals in other stanzas or sections of the same work

question

Refutation

answer

The process of proving something wrong by argument or evidence.

question

Register

answer

One of the varieties of language appropriate to particular social situations.. (Formal, informal, colloquial and slang)

question

Requiem

answer

A song of prayer for the dead.

question

Retrospection

answer

A narrative technique in which some of the events of a story are described after events that occur later in time have already been narrated.

question

Rhapsody

answer

An intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise.

question

Rhetoric

answer

The art of persuasion, or the art of speaking or writing well.

question

Rhetorical Context

answer

The circumstances in which a text is written, including the intended audience, the author's aim or purpose in writing, and the audience's preexisting ideas and opinions.

question

Rhetorical Device

answer

An extraordinary use of language to achieve a certain effect on an audience.

question

Rhetorical Question

answer

A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point, no answer being expected.

question

Rhyme Scheme

answer

The pattern of rhyme

question

Rhythm

answer

The varying speed, loudness, pitch, elevation, intensity, and expressiveness of speech especially poetry

question

Romantic Irony

answer

An author's persistent presence in his or her work, meant to ensure that the audience will maintain critical detachment and not simply accept the writing at face value.

question

Satire

answer

A work that exposes to ridicule the shortcomings of individuals, institutions, or society, often to make a political point.

question

Scansion

answer

The act of scanning a poem to determine its meter

question

Sestet

answer

Six line stanza

question

Setting

answer

The location of a narrative in a time and space. Setting creates mood and atmosphere.

question

Simile

answer

A comparison implied by using like or as

question

Situation Irony

answer

A technique in which one understanding of situation stands in sharp contrast to another, usually more prevalent, understanding of the same situation.

question

Soliloquy

answer

A monologue spoken by an actor when the character believes himself to be alone. The technique frequently reveals a character innermost thoughts

question

Spatial Ordering

answer

Organization of information using spatial cues such as top to bottom, left to right, etc.

question

Speaker

answer

The narrator of a poem. The speaker and the author of the poem are not the same person.

question

Spondee

answer

A poetic foot -- heavy, heavy

question

Spondee

answer

A poetic foot -- stressed, stressed

question

Stanza

answer

An arrangement of lines of verse in a pattern usually repeated throughout the poem

question

Stock Characters

answer

Standard or clichéd character types.

question

Stream-of-Consciousness Narration

answer

Form of narration in which the narrator conveys a subject's thoughts as they occur often in a disjointed fashion.

question

Subjectivity

answer

A treatment of subject matter that uses the interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses.

question

Subjunctive Mood

answer

A grammatical situation involving the words "if" and "were," setting up a hypothetical situation.

question

Summary

answer

A simple retelling of what you've just read.

question

Suspension of Disbelief

answer

The demand made of a theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with their imagination.

question

Syllepsis

answer

A stylistic device in which a single word governs or modifies two or more other words in different ways. e.g. Mr. Pickwick took HIS hat and HIS leave.

question

Syllogism

answer

A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a logical conclusion is drawn from them.

question

Symbolism

answer

The use of objects, characters, figures, or colors to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Unlike emblems, symbols may have different meanings in different contexts.

question

Synecdoche

answer

A rhetorical device involving a part of an object representing the whole or the whole representing a part

question

Syntax

answer

The way the words in a piece of writing are put together to form lines, phrases, or clauses; the basic structure of a piece of writing.

question

Technique

answer

The methods and tools of the author.

question

Tercet

answer

Three-line stanza

question

Terza Rima

answer

Three line stanza form with interlocking rhymes that move from one stanza to the next.

question

Tetrameter

answer

A poetic line with four feet

question

Theme

answer

A fundamental and universal idea explored in a literary work.

question

Thesis Statement

answer

The main idea, or principle claim, that is supported in a work of nonfiction.

question

Tone

answer

The author's attitude toward the subject or character of a story or poem, or toward the reader.

question

Tragic Flaw

answer

In a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good individual that ultimately leads to his demise (Hamartia).

question

Transition Words

answer

Words that connect ideas and show the relationships between those ideas.

question

Travesty

answer

A grotesque parody.

question

Tricolon

answer

The division of an idea into three harmonious parts, usually increasing power. e.g. Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

question

Trochee

answer

A poetic foot -- heavy, light

question

Trochee

answer

A poetic foot -- stressed, unstressed

question

Trope

answer

A figure of speech that extends the literal meanings of words by inviting a comparison to other words, things, or meanings.

question

Understatement

answer

Deliberately representing something as much less important that it really is.

question

Unreliable Narration

answer

A process of narrating in which the narrator is revealed over time to be an untrustworthy source of information.

question

Utopia

answer

An imaginary, perfect world presented in literature. Opposite of Dystopia

question

Values

answer

Principles or qualities that people hold to be instinctively good, such as justice, fairness and equality.

question

Verbal Irony

answer

The use of a statement that, because of its context mean its opposite.

question

Verisimilitude

answer

The sense that what one reads is real or at least realistic and believable

question

Vernacular

answer

The everyday or common language of a geographical area

question

Versification

answer

Literally the making of verse; the technical and practical aspect of making poems

question

Voice

answer

An author's individual way of using language to reflect his or her own personality and attitudes. An author communicates voice through tone, diction and syntax.

question

Wit

answer

A form of wordplay that displays cleverness or ingenuity with language. Often, but not always, wit displays humor.

question

Zeugma

answer

The use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. e.g. He closed the door and his heart and on his lost love.

AP English Literature Flashcards

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