AP Developmental Psychology – Flashcards
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the study of physical, intellectual, social, and more changes across the life span.
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Developmental Psychology
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Nature v. Nurture: are we born with it or is it all learned? Continuity v. discontinuity: do we develop continuously or in stages? Stability v. Change: are our behaviors consistant or do they change?
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3 Major Issues of developmental psychology
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study one subject through one span of time
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Longitudinal Study
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study that takes subjects of all ages wanted to study; this study experiences the Cohort Effect
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Cross Sectional Study
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type of confounding variable; there are differences in experience of each group as a result of different historical times
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Cohort Effect
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a time in which a specific skill must be learned; example: speech must be learned before a certain age or else the child will never learn to communicate
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The Critical Period
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genetic and enviornmental; teratogens
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Prenatal influences
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chemicals that are ingested by the mother: alcohol, which may call Fetal Alcohol Syndrome if there is overconsumption during pregnancy, drugs, cigarettes, and HIV.
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Teratogens
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causes retardation and deformity for the fetus
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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when cheek(s) is touched, the baby will turn towards the stimulus and with its mouth open, trying to get the stimulus in its mouth.
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Rooting reflex
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whatever you stick in the baby's mouth, the baby will suck on it.
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Sucking Reflex
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This happens with the hands and feet; when a stimulus touches the palm of the hands or feet, the baby will automatically curl his toes and fingers in.
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Grasping Reflex
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Also known as the startle reflex; when the baby is startled, the baby will fling his limbs outward and then tuck himself into a ball
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Moro Reflex
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When the palm of the foot is touched, the toes will open and spread
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Babinksi Reflex
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Babies are legally blind when born; can only see 8-12 inches away from them
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Blindness and babies
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Baumrind studied the types of parenting styles and how they effect the development of children
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Diana Baumrind
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strict; punish more than praise; they make sure their child obeys more than understands; children who were under this style usually distrust and withdraw from peers
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Authoritarian parenting
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no clear guidelines for anything; rules are constantly changing or not reinforced; children under this style usually have emotional control problems
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Permissive Parenting
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set constant standards; standards are explained; they both praise and punsih; children under this style are usually social and succeed academically
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Authoritative Parenting
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the reciprocal relationship between the caregiver and the child
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Attachment
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did the experiment with the monkeys and the different types of mother: spongy or wire; spongy mothered monkey had a better development; better development when there is contact comfort
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Harry Harlow
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bond with love and physical touch
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Contact Comfort
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attach the first thing they see and consider it it's mother
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Imprinting
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The Strange Situation. GOal: different attachments effect self esteem
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Marry Ainsworth
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When parents are there, the baby will explore its enviornment. When parents leave, the baby is in distress. When parents return, the baby will greet them.
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Secure attachment
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the child resists from parents when they are present. The child will then explore the new enviornment when the parents are gone. When the parents return, the child does not greet parents.
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Avoidant Attachment
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show stress when parents leave and will resist comfort by then when they return
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Anxious/Ambivolent Attachement
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Sexual urges are important in determining a person's development. Fixations can occur
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Psychosexual Freudian Stage Theory
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children enjoy sucking and biting because it is a for of sexual pleasure
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Oral Stage (birth-1)
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Children are sexually gratified by act of elimination; experience Anal Fixation
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Anal Stage(1-3)
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2 types of personalities results from traumatic toilet training
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Anal fixation
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children who experience explosive toilet training tend to be messy and disorganized
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Anal explosive
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children who experience clean non messy toilet training tend to be meticulously neat; hyperoganized, and complusive
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Anal retentive
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sexual gratification moves to the genitalia; boys form an Oedipus Complex and girls form an Electra Complex.
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Phallic Stage (3-5)
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boys sexually desire mothers and views father as a rival; develops castration anxiety; to protect them from fear, they use a defense mechanism called identification
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Oedipus Complex
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when a person emulates and attaches himself to the person whi is a threat; allows boys to stop fearing father and learn to act like men and break their attachment with their mother.
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identification
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boys fear their fathers will castrate them if they misbehave
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Castration anxiety
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Girls sexually desire father and views mother as a rival; girls develope a Penis Envy
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Electra Complex
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desire for a penis
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Penis Envy
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Child pushes all sexual feelings out of conscious and start dealing with other issues like school
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Latent Stage (6-puberty)
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person seeks sexual pleasure via sexual relative
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Adult Genital Stage (puberty-adult)
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a discontinuous theory of developmnt
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Stage Theory
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Psychosoical stage theory, new-freudian, personality is shaped by our experiences with other people; Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
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Erik Erikson
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Ages 0-1; when babies learn whether or not if they can trust the world around them to provide their needs
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Trust v, Mistrust
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2 years old; Terrible 2s; want independence; toddlers try to control themselves; "I do" or "No!"; this is where potty training occurs; Shame/Doubt occurs when they canoot potty train
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Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt
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Ages 3-5; "Why?"; children want to understand the world; if scolded, they feel guilty
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Initiative v. Guilt
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Ages 6-12; if you fall behind in school, you could develop an inferiority complex
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Industry v. Inferiority
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Ages 12-20; "Who am I?"; children try to figure out who they are; if fail to identify they will have an identity crisis
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Identity v. ROle confusion
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Ages 21-40; people learn to balance work and relationships; people learn the difference between platonic and romantic relationships
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Intimacy v. Isolation
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Ages 40-65; "Am I where I want to be?"; is life going where I want it to go?
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Generativity v. Stagnation
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ages 65-death; look back on your life with satisfaction or regret.
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Integrity v. Despair
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Children view the world through a schema, which you later experience assimulations and accomodations.
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Jean Piaget
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a set of ideas of the world built up by experience
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schema
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When you fit new information into your schema
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assimulation
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when you change your schema; happens if new information does not fit your schema
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accomodation
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Major Challenge; ages 0-2 years; ages 8-10 months forms object perminance and develop stranger anxiety
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Sensorimotor
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the ability to realize when an object is put away nearby, it is still present; example: peekaboo!
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Object Perminance
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baby does not like being passed from its caregiver
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Stranger Anxiety
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ages 2-7; language begins; experience egocentrism and animism
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Preoperational
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when a child only sees the world from their point of view
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Egocentrism
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the belief of all things being alive
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Animism
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ages 8-12; develop the concept of conservation; finally understand that if take a substance and change it into a different shape, the substance still has the same amount as before
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Concrete Operations
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ages 12-death; adult reasoning kicks in and the child develops metacognition
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Formal Operations
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the ability to think the way you think; analyze your thoughts
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Metacoginition
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children develope morally as they get older
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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ages 2-7; children make decisions to avoid punishment; they make decisions to further their own interest
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Preconventional
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ages 8-12; children make choices to live up to other people's expectations; children follow rules to maintain law and order
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Conventional
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ages12-death; judgement is based on personal values; rely on your own conscience; you don't just blindly follow the rules
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postconventional
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psychologist; did not like Kohlberg's study; the reason why women very rarely reach postconventional is because men and women come to moral conclusions in their own different ways; men have more absolute moral; women analyze the situation and its players
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Carol Giligan
