A&P Chapter 1 - Flashcards

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Anatomy

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The study of structure and the relationships among structures

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Subdivisions of Anatomy

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Surface anatomy Gross anatomy Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy Radiographic anatomy Developmental anatomy Embryology Cytology Pathological anatomy

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Physiology

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The study of how body structures function, how body parts operate

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Structure determines _____________

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Function

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Cells

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The smallest units of life

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Tissues

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2 or more cell types associated together to perform a function

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Organs

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2 or more tissues associated together to perform a function

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System

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2 or more organs associated together to perform a function

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The systems of the human body are

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Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

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Life processes of humans

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Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction

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Metabolism

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Sum of all chemical prrocesses that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism

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Responsiveness

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The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

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Movement

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Motion of the whole body; individual organs, single cells, or organelles within cells

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Growth

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Increase in size and complexity due to an increased number of cells, size of cells, or both

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Differentiation

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The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

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Dedifferentiation

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Going from a specialized state to an unspecialized state (for ex: cancer cells)

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Reproduction

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The formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement; the production of a new individual

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Homeostasis

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Conditions in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

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The phrase "internal environment" refers to

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Homeostasis

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What is the internal environment?

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Extra cellular fluid (ECF), its volume/amount, and its content

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Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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Fluid outside of cells

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ECF filling narrow spaces between cells of tissues

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Interstitial fluid, intercellular fluid, tissue fluid

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ECF in blood vessels

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Plasma

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ECF in lyphatic vessels

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Lymph

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Three types of fluid that determine homeostasis

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ECF Plasma Lymph

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Fluid within cells

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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ECF is often called the body's ___________ ____________ because it is in constant motion throughout the body and surrounds all body cells

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Internal environment

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An organism is said to be in homeostasis when its internal environment

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Contains the optimum concentration of gases, nutrients, ions and water Has the optimal temperature range Has the optimal volume for the health of the cells

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Stress

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Any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment

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Homeostasis is regulated by the _________ system, often in conjunction with the __________ system

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Nervous / Endocrine

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The __________ system detects body changes and sends ______ impulses to counteract the stress

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Nervous / Nerves

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The ___________ system regulates homeostasis by secreting ___________

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Endocrine / Hormones

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Nerve impulses cause ________ change; hormones work more ________

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Rapid / Slowly

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Catabolism

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Breaking down

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Anabolism

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Making something

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Normal Variant

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Variance which allows the body to function normally

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Types of nutrients

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Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals

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Two types of gases in the body

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Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Most of the time we are in homeostasis (T/F)

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False

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Homeostasis is a dynamic state (T/F)

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True

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Disease is a dynamic state (T/F)

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True

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Every effector is muscular (T/F)

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True

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Sign

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Objective change that can be observed or measured

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Symptom

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Subjective change that cannot be observed or measured

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Men have fewer pain receptors than women (T/F)

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False

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Anatomical position requires the organism to be upright with its feet on the ground, arms at sides, palms facing upright (T/F)

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False

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Organisms usually have the optimal volume for the health of their cells (T/F)

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False

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Stimulus

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Any stress that changes a controlled condition; moves you away from homeostasis

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Principal planes include

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Sagittal Frontal (Coronal) Transverse (Cross sectional or horizontal)

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5 Main Body Cavities

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Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic

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3 Basic Components of a feedback system

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Control Center Receptor Effector

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Control Center

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Determines the point at which a controlled condition should be maintained

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Receptor

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Monitors changes in the conrolled condition and then sends the information (input) to the control center

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Effector

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Recieves information (output) from the control center and produces a response (effect)

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Negative feedback sytem (loop)

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When the response reverses the original stiumuls

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Positive feedback system (loop)

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When the response enhances the original stiumuls

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Positive feedback systems tend to regulate conditions that occur often and require coniditional fine tuning (T/F)

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False

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Negative feedback systems tend to maintain conditions that require frequent monitoring and adjustment within physiological limits (T/F)

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True

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Homeostasis of Blood Pressure (BP) is an example of _____________ feedback

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Negative

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Homeostasis of Labor Contractions is an example of _____________ feedback

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Positive

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Disease

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Any change from a state of health, characterized by symptoms and signs

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Local Disease

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Affects one part or a limited area of the body

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Systemic Disease

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Affects either the entire body or several parts

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Symptoms

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Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (for example: headache or nausea)

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Signs

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Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (fever or rash)

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Diagnosis

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The art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease

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70% of diagnoses can be obtained from the

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Medical History

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A diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of the __________ ________ and the administration of a ___________ ______

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Medical history, physical exam

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The cause of imbalance is

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Stress

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Stress is just phychological and physiological (T/F)

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False

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How a person reacts to pain is due to

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Pain receptors and modeling

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Radiography

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Includes the use of X-Rays

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Medical Imaging

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The technique and process used to create images of the human body

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MRIs reverse the ionization of _________ bonds causing them to break

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Hydrogen

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Ultrasounds create problems because soundwaves can drive cells into another direction and cause abnormailities / deformaties (T/F)

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True

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Medically speaking, it is possible to "break" a bone (T/F)

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False

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Gross Anatomy

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The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

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Regional Anatomy

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All of the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, examined at the same time

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Systemic Anatomy

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Body structure examined system by system

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Microscopic Anatomy

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Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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Cytology

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Subdivision of microscopic anatomy; the study of cells

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Histology

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Subdivision of microscopic anatomy; the study of tissues

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Developmental Anatomy

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Traces structural chages that occur in the body throughout the lifespan

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Embryology

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Subdivision of developmental anatomy; the changes in anatomy over the 40 week period before birth

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Homeostatic Imbalance

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A situation in which the human body's internal environmental variables become disturbed

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Radiographic Anatomy

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The discipline of anatomy which involves the study of anatomy through the use of radiographic films, also known as x-rays

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Pathological Anatomy

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A branch of anatomy concerned with structural changes accompanying disease

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Computed Tomography (CT)

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A refined version of X-ray equiptment. Rotates around the body and sends beams from all directions to a specific level of the patients body. Ends confusion resulting from overlapping structures seen in conventional X-rays

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Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

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Uses ultrafast CT scanners to provide 3D images of body organs from any angle, allowing observance in their movements, changes in internal volumes, etc

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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

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Provides an unobstructed view of small arteries. Often used to identify blockages in the arteries that supply the heart wall and in the brain

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Fluoroscopy

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An imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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Observes metabolic processes using an injection of radioisotopes tagged to biological molecules. Produces a live action picture of the brain's biochemical activity in vivid colors

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Produces high contrast images of our soft tissues, an area in which X-rays and CT scans are weak. Maps the body's content of hydrogen, most of which is water, and distinguishes tissue based on their water content. Dense structures do not show up.

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Ultrasounds (US)

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Uses pules pulses of soundwaves that cause echoes when reflected and scattered by body tissues.

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Ionizing Radiation

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Has risks that increase with dose. Side effects are: killed cells, burns, and possible fatality

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