question

Olfactory glands

answer

coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus

question

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

answer

cerebrum

question

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to

answer

bind to receptors in olfactory cilia

question

Which of the following is true of olfactory discrimination?

answer

The number of olfactory receptors decline as we age.

question

All of the following are true of olfactory pathways, except

answer

they project first to the mamillary bodies and then to the thalamus

question

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

answer

olfaction

question

A normal, relaxed inhalation carries about ________ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs

answer

2 percent

question

How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor?

answer

A) It would increase sodium permeability. B) It would open chemically-gated sodium channels. C) It would depolarize the olfactory receptor. D) It could trigger an afferent action potential. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the

answer

olfactory bulb

question

Gustatory receptors are located

answer

on the surface of the tongue.

question

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

answer

olfactory receptors

question

Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds?

answer

circumvallate papillae

question

Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves

answer

VII, IX, X.

question

Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

answer

peppery hot

question

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

answer

A) portions of the larynx B) anterior tip of the tongue C) portions of the pharynx D) surface of the tongue E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

An adult has approximately ________ taste buds

answer

3,000

question

All of the following are terms describing the epithelial projections found on the tongue, except

answer

gustatory papillae.

question

Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerve(s)?

answer

facial nerve (VII), vagus nerve (X), and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

question

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve ________.

answer

V

question

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

answer

peppery

question

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as

answer

umami

question

All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands, except that they

answer

produce a strongly hypertonic fluid.

question

All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye, except that it

answer

produces aqueous humor

question

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

answer

ciliary body

question

Which of the following is true of the vascular tunic of the eye?

answer

A) provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye B) regulates the amount of light entering the eye C) secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor D) controls the shape of the lens E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

The palpebrae

answer

A) are controlled by cranial nerves. B) contain tarsal glands. C) cover and protect the eye. D) are lined with a palpebral conjunctiva. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

The palpebrae are connected at the

answer

lateral and medial canthus

question

The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the

answer

posterior chamber.

question

The neural tunic of the eye

answer

A) contains ganglion cells. B) contains the photoreceptor cells. C) contains bipolar cells. D) is the deepest layer of the eyeball. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

answer

changing shape.

question

A structure that is located at the medial canthus and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the

answer

lacrimal caruncle.

question

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

answer

tarsal gland

question

The vitreous body

answer

helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina.

question

The space between the cornea and the iris is the

answer

anterior chamber.

question

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

answer

ciliary muscles.

question

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye

answer

conjunctiva

question

The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the

answer

cornea

question

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

answer

iris

question

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

answer

pupil

question

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the

answer

cornea

question

The ciliary muscle contracts to

answer

adjust the shape of the lens for near vision.

question

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor?

answer

excessive production may lead to glaucoma

question

A sty ________

answer

A) is often caused by bacteria. B) is a painful swelling in an eyelash. C) may involve a sebaceous gland. D) may involve a tarsal gland. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

Which of the following is a function of tears?

answer

A) lubricate the eye B) wash away debris C) provide oxygen D) nourish the cornea and conjunctiva E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

answer

fovea

question

Which of the following description applies to the term myopia?

answer

nearsightedness

question

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

answer

conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid

question

The cornea is part of the

answer

fibrous tunic.

question

The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the

answer

vitreous humor.

question

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

answer

constriction; dilation

question

If your vision is 20/15, this means that you can

answer

see objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet.

question

Why must accommodation occur to view objects closer than 20 feet from the eye?

answer

The light rays are divergent instead of parallel and require more refraction

question

During accommodation, the ciliary muscle ________ and the suspensory ligaments become ________ which, in turn, cause the lens to become ________.

answer

contracts; loose; round

question

What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye?

answer

iris

question

The optic disc is a blind spot because

answer

there are no photoreceptors in that area.

question

During accommodation, the ciliary muscle ________ causing the ciliary body to move ________ and apply ________ tension on the lens.

answer

contracts; forward; less

question

A sudden increase of light into the eye would cause

answer

contraction of the sphincter pupillary muscles

question

When a rod is stimulated by light,

answer

A) the plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized. B) the retinal changes from the 11-cis to the 11-trans form. C) less neurotransmitter is released. D) cGMP decreases and sodium channels close. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

In the light-adapted state,

answer

photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation

question

Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?

answer

in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes

question

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated

answer

red, green, blue.

question

An elongate outer segment containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the inner segment describes

answer

a photoreceptor.

question

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

answer

white

question

The first step in the process of photoreception is

answer

absorption of a photon by a visual pigment

question

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

answer

rhodopsin

question

A pigment synthesized from vitamin A is

answer

retinal

question

Which of the following is true about rhodopsin?

answer

A) called visual purple B) is bleached during photoreception C) is the visual pigment in rods D) consists of opsin + retinal E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

Which of the following statements about the retina is true?

answer

A) Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II. B) Axons carrying its output synapse in the thalamus. C) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light. D) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to red light. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because

answer

rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin

question

Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones?

answer

inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment

question

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles

answer

outer; middle

question

The external acoustic meatus ends at

answer

the tympanic membrane

question

Which of these anatomical sequences is correct?

answer

tympanum,malleus,incus,stapes,oval window,round window

question

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane?

answer

moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

question

The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.

answer

utricle and the saccule

question

A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would

answer

be high-pitched.

question

A loud noise causes

answer

A) a large movement of the tympanic membrane. B) an alerting reaction leading to sympathetic activation. C) reflex contractions of middle ear muscles. D) a big pressure pulse entering the cochlear duct at that oval window. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E

question

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths?

answer

tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

question

The auditory ossicles connect the

answer

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

question

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the

answer

auditory ossicles.

question

The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the

answer

auditory tube

question

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors in the

answer

inner ear.

question

The structure that forms the "roof" of the organ of Corti is the

answer

tectorial membrane.

question

The structure that supports the organ of Corti is the

answer

basilar membrane.

question

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

answer

saccule and utricle.

question

When an external force bends the stereocilia of the inner ear hair cells,

answer

there is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells

question

The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the

answer

ampullae

question

The region of the ampulla that contains the receptors for rotational (dynamic) equilibrium are called

answer

cristae

question

The superficial hard part of the inner ear is called the ________ and contains ________ .

answer

bony labyrinth; perilymph

question

Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals

answer

signals rotational movements

question

The structure attached to the oval window that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear is the

answer

stapes

question

Low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells on which part of the basilar membrane?

answer

the distal end

question

The energy from a pressure wave in the cochlear fluids is released by the bulging and stretching of the

answer

round window

question

The function of the auditory tube is to:

answer

equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

question

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers will stimulate receptors in the

answer

utricle and saccule

question

An infection that damages the vestibular nerve could result in a loss of

answer

equilibrium

question

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in

answer

maculae

question

The frequency of a perceived sound depends on

answer

which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated

question

Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on

answer

the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae

question

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stapes?

answer

seals the oval window

question

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

answer

tympanic membrane.

question

The cell bodies of sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells of the cochlea form the ________ ganglion

answer

spiral

question

The vestibular nuclei at the boundary of the pons and the medulla function in all of the following, except that they

answer

send information to the vestibular complex of the inner ear

question

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia?

answer

bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

a&p ch 17 – Flashcards

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