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AP Biology Review – Ecology part 1

Pedro Huang

14 December 2020

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Ecology

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The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the world and others

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Population

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Group of individuals all of the same SPECIES LIVING in the SAME AREA.

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Community

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Group of populations living in the same area.

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Ecosystem

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This describes the interrelationships between the organisms in a community and the environment.

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Biosphere

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This is composed of all the regions on the earth that contains living things. IE soil, oceans, lower 10 km of the atmosphere.

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Habitat

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Place where organisms live. Can be described through temperature, soil quality, water salinity.

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Niche

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Describes all the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) resources in the environment used by an organism.

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Population Ecology

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Study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations.

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Size (of a population)

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Total number of individuals in the population (Represented by N)

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Density (of a population)

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The total number of individuals per area of volume occupied. (IE 100 mice/km^2)

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Dispersion

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Describes how individuals in a population are distributed. (IE clumped [people in cities], uniform [trees in orchards], or random [trees in forest])

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Age Structure

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Describes the abundance of individuals of each age; Often shown in age structure diagrams.

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Survivorship Curves

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Describes how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes.

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Type I Survivorship Curve

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Curve that describes species where most individuals survive to middle age. After that, mortality is high. (humans)

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Type II Survivorship Curve

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Curve that describes organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, death likelihood is the same at any age. (rodents and hydras)

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Type III Survivorship Curve

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Curve that describes species in which most individuals die young, with only a few organisms surviving long enough to reproduce and beyond. (oysters, plankton)

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Biotic Potential

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Maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without growth restrictions

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Factors that may affect biotic potential

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Age to reproduce, Clutch size (# of offspring produced at reproduction), Frequency of reproduction, Reproductive lifetime, and Survivorship of offspring long enough to reproduce.

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Carrying Capacity

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Maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat.

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Limiting Factors

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Elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential.

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Density-Dependent Factors

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[a limiting factor] Agents whose limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases (IE parasites/disease, resources, toxic effect of waste products, and predation)

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Density-Independent Factor

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[a limiting factor] Occurs independently of the density of the population (IE natural disasters, climate change)

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Equation for the growth of a population

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r=(births - deaths)/N where r=reproductive/growth rate and N=initial population size

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Exponential Growth

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Pattern of population growth that occurs whenever the reproductive rate is greater than zero. (Forms a J-shaped curve when graphed)

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Logistic Growth

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Pattern of population growth that occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of the population to the carrying capacity of the habitat.(Forms an S-shaped curve [a sigmoid] when graphed.

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Population Cycles

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Fluctuations in population size in response to varying effects of limiting factors

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r-selected species

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Species that exhibit rapid growth (J-shaped curve), where opportunistic species (grass/insects) quickly invade habitats, reproduce, and die. Offspring are small, mature fast, and require little care

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k-selected species

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Species where population size remains constant (IE humans) and produce a small number of relatively large offspring that require much care until maturation.

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Human Population Growth

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Growth that began 1000 years ago, grew exponentially.

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Exponential Growth Factors [of humans] include

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Increase in food supply, reduction in disease, reduction in waste, expansion of habitat

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question

Ecology

answer

The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the world and others

question

Population

answer

Group of individuals all of the same SPECIES LIVING in the SAME AREA.

question

Community

answer

Group of populations living in the same area.

question

Ecosystem

answer

This describes the interrelationships between the organisms in a community and the environment.

question

Biosphere

answer

This is composed of all the regions on the earth that contains living things. IE soil, oceans, lower 10 km of the atmosphere.

question

Habitat

answer

Place where organisms live. Can be described through temperature, soil quality, water salinity.

question

Niche

answer

Describes all the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) resources in the environment used by an organism.

question

Population Ecology

answer

Study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations.

question

Size (of a population)

answer

Total number of individuals in the population (Represented by N)

question

Density (of a population)

answer

The total number of individuals per area of volume occupied. (IE 100 mice/km^2)

question

Dispersion

answer

Describes how individuals in a population are distributed. (IE clumped [people in cities], uniform [trees in orchards], or random [trees in forest])

question

Age Structure

answer

Describes the abundance of individuals of each age; Often shown in age structure diagrams.

question

Survivorship Curves

answer

Describes how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes.

question

Type I Survivorship Curve

answer

Curve that describes species where most individuals survive to middle age. After that, mortality is high. (humans)

question

Type II Survivorship Curve

answer

Curve that describes organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, death likelihood is the same at any age. (rodents and hydras)

question

Type III Survivorship Curve

answer

Curve that describes species in which most individuals die young, with only a few organisms surviving long enough to reproduce and beyond. (oysters, plankton)

question

Biotic Potential

answer

Maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without growth restrictions

question

Factors that may affect biotic potential

answer

Age to reproduce, Clutch size (# of offspring produced at reproduction), Frequency of reproduction, Reproductive lifetime, and Survivorship of offspring long enough to reproduce.

question

Carrying Capacity

answer

Maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat.

question

Limiting Factors

answer

Elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential.

question

Density-Dependent Factors

answer

[a limiting factor] Agents whose limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases (IE parasites/disease, resources, toxic effect of waste products, and predation)

question

Density-Independent Factor

answer

[a limiting factor] Occurs independently of the density of the population (IE natural disasters, climate change)

question

Equation for the growth of a population

answer

r=(births - deaths)/N where r=reproductive/growth rate and N=initial population size

question

Exponential Growth

answer

Pattern of population growth that occurs whenever the reproductive rate is greater than zero. (Forms a J-shaped curve when graphed)

question

Logistic Growth

answer

Pattern of population growth that occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of the population to the carrying capacity of the habitat.(Forms an S-shaped curve [a sigmoid] when graphed.

question

Population Cycles

answer

Fluctuations in population size in response to varying effects of limiting factors

question

r-selected species

answer

Species that exhibit rapid growth (J-shaped curve), where opportunistic species (grass/insects) quickly invade habitats, reproduce, and die. Offspring are small, mature fast, and require little care

question

k-selected species

answer

Species where population size remains constant (IE humans) and produce a small number of relatively large offspring that require much care until maturation.

question

Human Population Growth

answer

Growth that began 1000 years ago, grew exponentially.

question

Exponential Growth Factors [of humans] include

answer

Increase in food supply, reduction in disease, reduction in waste, expansion of habitat

AP Biology Review – Ecology part 1

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