AP Biology Essay Topics
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
lytic cycle
answer
phage reproduction cycle where virus infects host cell and hijacks its' machinery to make virus proteins and genetic information---so many viruses that cell lyses and releases viruses
question
lysogenic cycle
answer
replicates phage genome without destroying the host----viral genetic info integrates into host cell genome to form a provirus----can enter into lytic cycle depending on evironmental factors (temperate virus)
question
retrovirus
answer
uses reverse transcriptase which transcribes RNA template into DNA
question
transformation
answer
genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are changed through the intake of foreign DNA from its' surroundings
question
transduction
answer
bacteriophages carries bacterial genes from one host cell to another (horizontal gene transfer)--recombinant DNA (generalized/specific)
question
conjugation
answer
genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined---the DNA transfer is one way using the sex pili
question
plasmid
answer
small, circular self-replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome
question
prokaryotes
answer
lack a nucleus, simple, have plasma membranes, have cytoplasm and ribosomes, circular genetic info, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, no membrane bound organelles, high metabolism and growth rate, unicellular, reproduce asexually
question
eukaryotes
answer
nucleus, cell membrane, plasma membrane, unicellular or multi, cytoplasm, linear genetic info, sometimes cell wall, membrane bound organelles, can reproduce sexually
question
endosymbiosis
answer
the eukaryotic cell evolved from symbiotic associations of prokaryotic cells living inside larger prokaryotes (mito and chloro look a lot like bacteria, have their own DNA single loop, ribosomes, double membrane, similar transport system, replicate by binary fission)
question
prokaryotic gene regulation
answer
prokaryotes can only regulate the expression of their genes through transcription, circular DNA allows transcription and translation to occur simultaneously
question
eukaryotic gene expression
answer
regulation of gene expression can be altered at many stages ( 5' cap, poly A tails, any time of protein synthesis, gene splicing, mRNA lifetime, DNA methylation, differential gene expression, histone acetylation, methlation, phosphorylation, genomic imprinting, epigenetic influence, control elements, RNA splicing
question
other modes of inheritance
answer
location of genes among chromosomes, sex-linked genes, crossing over, fertilization, lining up at the metaphase plate, mutations, extranuclear genes, independent assortment
question
Paracrine Signaling
answer
(local) cells secrete molecules that act on surrounding cells (growth factors) and do not have specific target cells
question
Synaptic Signaling
answer
a nerve cell release neurotransmitters into a synapse---stimulating the target cell
question
Long Distance Signaling
answer
hormoesn secreted by endocrine cells flow into blood and can reach all body cells
question
Sutherland
answer
discovered that glyocgen phophorylase was activated by epinephrine but needed a living system to occur---series of reactions, not direct
question
Reception
answer
signal molecule (ligand) binds to the receptor the protein changes shapes--triggering changes inside the cell
question
transduction
answer
signal of molecules are changed in a cascade of reactions
question
response
answer
response is activated (alteration of cytoskeleton, rbreakdown of substrate, turning on/off a gene)
question
signal reception
answer
when a ligand binds to a receptor protein---causing it to change shape--protein is destabilized and its' PE (ability to do work) increases
question
G-Linked Protein Receptor
answer
ligand binds to g-protein linked receptor--activatesG-protein when GDP is kicked off by ATP--G-Protein binds to activated enzyme which spurs a cellular response-after the inactive g-protein is is released
question
Tyrosine-Kinase Receptors
answer
ligand binds to site---receptors bind to form a dimer---tryrosines on each side act as kinases and activate the other side by adding a P group---activated relay proteins lead to cellular response
question
Ion-Channel Receptors
answer
ligand binds to ion-gated channel protein---channel opens/closes---ions enter---change in ion concentration triggers cellular responses
question
intracellular receptors
answer
signal molecules are hydrophobic enough to cross memrane into interior----hormone-receptor complex acts as a \"transcription factor\"--turns on a gene
question
aquaporins
answer
allow hydrophilic proteins to passively diffuse through the membrane
question
passive transport
answer
molecules move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane---no energy
question
diffusion
answer
the tendency fro molecules of any substance to spread out into available space
question
dynamic equilibrium
answer
equal molecule movement in both directions across the cell membrane
question
osmosis
answer
passive transport of water
question
hypertonic solution
answer
solution with more solute
question
hypotonic solution
answer
solution with less solute
question
isotonic solution
answer
solution with equal solute
question
osmoregulation
answer
the control of water balance within an organism without a cell wall---paramecium use a contractile vacuole
question
facilitated diffusion
answer
polar molecules and ions stopped by the lipid bilayer diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins (channel and carrier) that span the membrane
question
channel proteins
answer
(ion/gated) that open and close in response to a stimulus
question
carrier protein
answer
undergo conformational change to allow molecule to exit and enter cell
question
active transport
answer
transport proteins that pump against the concentration gradient--require energy
question
proton pumps
answer
move ions against concentration gradient in photosynthesis and cellular respiration--> ATP
question
phosphorylation
answer
phosphate group is added to something
question
sodium potassium pump
answer
transport system that exchanges sodium for potassium across the plasma membrane of animal cells---maintains inequality of charge
question
contransport
answer
single pump ran by ATP that transports a specific solute out that can drive the active or passive diffusion of other solutes---one's \"down\" diffusion can drive someone's \"up\" transport
question
ligand
answer
molecule that binds specifically to the receptor site of another molecule
question
membrane potential
answer
voltage across a membrane
question
electrochemical gradient
answer
combination of forces acting on an ion
question
exocytosis
answer
vesicles budding from the golgi apparatus etc.
question
phagocytosis
answer
cellular eating
question
pinocytosis
answer
cellular drinking
question
receptor mediated endocytosis
answer
allows cell to obtain large amounts of substances even when it is not extremely concentrated in cell
question
turgid
answer
the plant cell is very firm--in a hypotonic solution
question
flaccid
answer
when a plant cell is in a isotonic solution--limp
question
plasmolysis
answer
if a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution---membrane pulls away from wall and plant soon dies
