question

Autotroph

answer

"Self-feeders," they sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings.

question

Heterotroph

answer

organisms that get energy from compounds produced by other organisms.

question

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

answer

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

question

Using O18 as the basis of your discussion, explain how we know that the oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from water.

answer

O18 is a heavy isotope that was used as a tracer. When the O18 was in the H2O that went in, the O2 that was produced was marked with the O18 heavy isotope. If O18 was used for the CO2, the O18 was not present in the O2.

question

Explain what occurs in the light reactions.

answer

Solar energy is converted to chemical energy. Light is absorbed and drives the transfer of electrons from water to NADP+ to form NADPH and in the process creating ATP by going through an ETC. Oxygen is released.

question

Explain what occurs in the Calvin cycle.

answer

CO2 from the air is incorporated into organic molecules. This is called carbon fixation. The fixed carbon is used with the NADPH and the ATP to form G3P.

question

What are the colors of the visible spectrum?

answer

Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; ROY G BIV.

question

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

answer

Longer wavelength -> less energy; shorter wavelength -> higher energy

question

Explain the correlation between an absorption spectra and an action spectrum.

answer

The light that is absorbed is that same light that is used in photosynthesis. Also, chlorophylls have a larger input than do karatynoids.

question

Describe how Englemann was able to form an action spectrum long before the invention of a spectrophotometer.

answer

Englemann illuminated a filament of algae through different wavelengths of light. Then, aerobic bacteria were used to see where they would clump and grow the most. They were more populated where more oxygen was released. By analyzing these results, it was obvious what the action spectrum was.

question

A photosystem is composed of a protein complex called a _____-_____ complex surrounded by several ____-_____ complexes.

answer

Reaction-center; light-harvesting

question

Reaction center complex

answer

Energy from the light-harvesting complex is transferred to the reaction center complex where a water molecule is split and the electron from that water molecule moves to the primary electron acceptor.

question

Light-harvesting complex

answer

When chlorophyll absorbs light energy in the form of photons, one of the molecule's electrons is raised to an orbital of higher potential energy. The chlorophyll is then said to be in an excited state.

question

Primary electron acceptor

answer

The primary electron acceptor accepts the electrons from the reaction center complex and shuttles them to the ETC.

question

PSI's special pair of chlorophyll is called P_______.

answer

700

question

PSII's special pair of chlorophyll is called P_______.

answer

680

question

What is the source of energy that requires the electron in PSII?

answer

Light.

question

What compound is the source of electrons for linear electron flow?

answer

H2O

question

H2O is the source of ____ in the atmosphere.

answer

O2

question

The cytochrome complex uses the energy to pump ____ ions.

answer

H+

question

The newly built proton gradient between PS I and II is used in chemiosmosis to produce ____.

answer

ATP

question

In PSII, the exited electron is eventually used by NADP+ reductase to join NADP+ and an H+ to form ____.

answer

NADPH.

question

In cyclic electron flow there is no production of ______, and no release of ______.

answer

NADPH; O2

question

How is chemiosmosis similar in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

answer

Both use H+ gradient, ATP is produced, there is an ETC, and ATP synthase is used

question

How is chemiosmosis different in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

answer

Energy is obtained from food in cellular respiration, while in photosynthesis energy is obtained from the sun. In cellular respiration the electrons are extracted from food while in photosynthesis they are taken from H2O.

question

List three places in the light reactions where a proton-motive force is generated.

answer

H+ from H2O; H+ pumped across membrane by cytochrome complex; removal of H+ from stroma when NADP+->NADPH

question

Light reactions store energy in the form of ____ and ____, which shuttle the energy to the carbohydrate producing ____ cycle.

answer

ATP; NADPH; Calvin

question

The Carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle is not glucose, but the three-carbon compound _____.

answer

G3P

question

Each turn of the Calvin cycle fixes one molecules of CO2; therefore, it will take ___ turns of the Calvin cycle to net one G3P.

answer

3

question

Explain the important events that occur in the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin cycle.

answer

CO2 is incorporated into the 5 carbon sugar RuBP. This is catalyzed by rubisco. Thus, a 6 carbon intermediate is formed that splits into 2, forming 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.

question

The enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle, and the most abundant protein on earth is _____.

answer

Rubisco

question

In phase two, the reduction stage, the reducing power of ____ will donate electrons to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to form ____.

answer

NADPH, G3P

question

In the Calvin cycle, we start with ___ carbons distrusted in 3 RuBPs. After fixing 3 CO2s using the enzyme ____, the Calvin cycle forms 6 G3Ps with ___ carbons. The net gain of carbons is now ___, or one G3P molecules.

answer

15, rubisco, 18, 3

question

Explain how regeneration of RuBP is accomplished.

answer

The carbon skeletons of 5 molecules of G3P are rearranged in the last step of the Calvin cycle to form 3 molecules of RuBP. To do this an investment of 3 ATP is needed.

question

The net production of one G3P molecule requires ___ ATP, and ___ NADPH.

answer

9,6

question

Explain what is meant by C3 Plants.

answer

Plants that use the Calvin cycle to incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a 3-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

question

What happens when a plant undergoes photorespiration?

answer

Rubisco binds O2, thus no sugar is generated.

question

Explain how photorespiration can be bad.

answer

Photosynthetic output is decreased; plants cannot make food.

question

Explain what is meant by a C4 plant.

answer

The Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 first into a 4 carbon compound, the end products of which supply CO2 to the Calvin cycle.

question

Explain the role of PEP carboxylase in C4 plants.

answer

PEP catalyzes the first step in the C4 pathway when CO2 is added to PEP, thus forming oxaloacetate.

question

Explain how changes in leaf architecture help isolate rubisco in high CO2 areas but low O2 areas.

answer

The Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells and that is also where most of the CO2 is also stored, thus encouraging photosynthesis vs respiration.

question

Compare and contrast C4 plants with CAM plants.

answer

Both live in arid environments, they both use PEP carbozylase to fix CO2. In CAM plants the two stages of photosynthesis are separated temporally.

AP Bio Chapter 10 Flashcards: Photosynthesis

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