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The text recounts the problems experienced by the French soccer team in the World Cup—tempers, refusals to practice, and a humiliatingearly exit and loss. This reflects a deeply held perspective on what being "French" really means and is a window into the problems that surround the

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nationality

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What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary whose

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nation-state

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Illegal border crossings in the southwestern United States have led to the enactment of laws to try and stop the influx of immigrants. Sometimes the legal language is written in a manner that signifies "American-ness" using veiled racial or other supposed markers to clearly identify those who are "in" and those who are "out." Such demarcation is called

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ethnic boundary

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In Jewish tradition, in order to be Jewish, a person must have a Jewish mother, follow the Jewish religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. Although they are not ironclad, these customs set off traditional Jewish peoplefrom others and demonstrate the concept of

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ethnic boundary markers

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A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense

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origin myth

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The brutal genocide in Rwanda took millions of lives. As the death squads moved through different villages killing those who were considered "Tutsi," some who had identified as Tutsi attempted to survive by calling themselves Hutu. This is a tragic example of

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situational negotiation of identity

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When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant

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assimilation

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The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation; however, theBelgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people began to see each other as different as well. This is an example of

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apartheid

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Despite the often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences, and the fact that most will never meet each other, most people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "America," who share common beliefs and traditions. This demonstrates the concept of

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imagined community

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Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of urban and rural people who spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. Then, in the early 1800s, the development of schools and a road system brought people closer together, and along with a growing economy and a national language united them as French, rather than Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians. This illustrates the idea of

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nationalism

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The text notes that the stories of the Mayflower, the first Thanksgiving, the Boston Tea Party, the American Revolution, and the settling of the West are retold to emphasize a shared destiny as well as the values of freedom, exploration, and individualism. These illustrate the concept of a(n)

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history

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The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group is known as

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genocide

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The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia tells a very different story about the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami gives a different perspective on the history of the Rwandan conflict. In both cases, there is clear agreement that the conflicts were atype of

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ethnic cleansing

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he desire of Scots to have their own independent country of Scotland, separate from the United Kingdom, of which they are a part now, illustrates the concept of

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nationalism

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The stark contrast between 1987 and 1994 in Bosnia that Tone Ringa found—all four hundred Muslim villagers had fled or been killed—was a powerful case of

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ethnic cleansing

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China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One way this is done is by the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people. Evidence to suggest the use of force in this process is scant; however, it is still understood as a kind of

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ethnocide

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According to the text, what ended five hundred years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?

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ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders

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With which of the following statements about human behavior would an anthropologist be most likely to agree?

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It is a combination of nature (biology) and nurture (acculturation)

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What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction system?

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sex

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The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called

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cultural constructions

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How does the gameof co-ed T-ball reinforce gender ideals in U.S. children?

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boys typically receive more playing time than girls

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Doing household chores, making decisions about who works outside the home, and raising children are all qualities that are integral to

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the different way that each culture constructs masculinity

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Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that

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masculine identity is in flux and negotiable

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Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor woman" in India are called

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Hijras

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The adoption of eight Millennial Goals by the United Nations in 2000 sought to eliminate the most extreme forms of poverty and inequality, specifically including an effort to improve the conditions of women by

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promoting gender equality

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Home is often considered the domain of women, while men go to work. Although this idea has changed dramatically in many places in the past several decades, it remains a common theme. This reflects the ideas supported in the work of Michele Rosaldo that sees male and female gender roles as

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split between private and public spheres

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Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying

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the underlying roots of universal male dominance

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The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that women

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participated in elaborate exchanges of banana fiber skirts

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The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girl thing" reflect gender

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stereotypes

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The section on the text about CO-MADRES of El Salvador is a powerful example of gender

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stratification

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In rereading the story of CO-MADRES, we might conclude that gender-based violence occurs primarily as a result of

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the universality of male dominance across cultures

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The account of how members of CO-MADRES were detained, tortured, and raped by the death squads leads to a conclusion about the nature of the relationship between the victim and perpetrator of these crimes, contradicting statistics showing the opposite, because the CO-MADRES account shows that the victim

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was unlikely to have known his or her assailant

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n their challenge to death squads, the mothers of CO-MADRES addressed inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access toresources through a social movement that

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integrated ideas about motherhood and child rearing with direct confrontation

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Carla Freeman's research on women's participation in the industrialized labor force in Barbados indicates that

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asserting desires and goals means they are not simply victims in the practices of flexible accumulation

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According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women can

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transform the nature of their interactions between the local and the global

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Sexuality involves

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both personal choices and cultural ideas

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Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed which of the following to a greater understanding of human sexuality?

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this work challenged the assumptions that US attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature

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Contemporary anthropologists study sexualityContemporary anthropologists study sexuality

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as a means of understanding the diverse expressions of sexuality worldwide

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According to contemporary cultural anthropologists, humans in most cultures seem to engage in sexual activity

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mostly for fun

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Which of the following does NOT fit the definition of sexuality in the text?

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the public display of wealth to gain community status

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Which of the following statements about the matiof Suriname is true?

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Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixes identity

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Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the

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globalization of human sexuality

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The scale describing a spectrum of human sexuality with exclusively heterosexual behavior on one end and exclusively homosexual behavior on the other is known as the ________ scale.

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Kinsey

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Students at Antioch College developed a sexual offense policy in which it was explicitly stated that the individual with whom sexual contact is initiated must clearly indicate his or her willingness or lack of willingness to engage in sexual activity by giving

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clear consent for having sex

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Cultural and governmental institutions attempt to regulate and control sexuality by various means, including defining the age of consent, how marriage and divorce can be obtained, and reproductive rights such as abortion. All of these seek to define

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the limits of acceptable sexual practices

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Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families(2011).

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race; sexuality

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According to the text, which of the following has seen an increase in attention to policies addressing sexual violence?

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college campuses

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Gloria Wekker's work in Surinam has led her to suggest that the imposition of our "Western folk knowledge" places limits on how we understand sexuality. Instead, she urges students of sexuality to

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focus attention on behavioral variation

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Which of the following terms is defined as the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities?

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kinship

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One ofthe characteristics of kinship that makes it so enduring for humans is the deep connection it brings, something that endures

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over generations

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The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is

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a Euro-American ideal

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Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States as consanguineal are based on

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blood

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Ina matrilineal descent group, continued membership in the same family group across generations passes through the

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mother

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A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

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father

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Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother's side) or the other (the father's side), which reflects

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ambilineality

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The U.S. practice of marriage to an individual outside of a particular group of people, either by force of law or by power of tradition, is known as

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kindred exogamy

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By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that there ________ of organizing relatives.

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were only six different ways

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A marriage accomplished through alliance, arranged by relatives, is often very successful as a relationship between two people despite there seeming to be an absence of

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affection

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Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women?

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polygyny

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The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called

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serial monogamy

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All cultures have a form of rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives, ostensibly to

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prevent incest

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The incest taboo—rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents—is

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universal across all cultures in the world

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Cousins who are children of a father's brother or a mother's sister are considered which type of cousin?

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parallel cousins

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You attend a friend's wedding. At one point, the father of the groom hands a set of new car keys to the bride. This is a form of

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bridewealth

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Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of ________ in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders.

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kinship and family

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SusanKahn found that Jewish women in Israel are deeply compelled to reproduce both the family and the nation. With the advent of reproductive technologies, this is made quite easy, and one might conclude that it is a matter of giving birth and raising the child. But this raises many very difficult questions. Many of the difficult questions hinge upon the kin system there, which is

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matrilineal

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While many of usare born into a family, others are marginalized or stigmatized in ways that create deep, lasting alienation between birth family members. One result of this is that we seek out others to become

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our chosen family

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Systems of class and inequality

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are a natural feature of human culture

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The increasing concentration of wealth into the hands of a smaller number of persons is in part due to globalization and is part of the accelerating process of

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social prestige

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Archaeological evidence suggests that hierarchy, violence, and aggression

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were central to the evolutionary success of early humans

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Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have offered increasingly generous social benefits to their populations. What is the most likely result of this kind of action by the state?

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it leads to fairer system of redistribution

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Why might we NOT consider the United States a form of ranked society?

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the leadership is not inherited and prestige is hereditary

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When the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest perform a potlatch, there may be times when the excess of gifts are actually destroyed rather than given away. This is done in order to

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reinforce the prestige of the chief by demonstrating his capacity

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Karl Marxexamined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?

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bourgeoisie and proletariat

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According to Marx, why were the proletariat unable to develop a political awareness of their class position while the bourgeoisie were able to do so?

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the proletariat were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet while the bourgeoisie simply sat back and enjoyed life

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Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University, arrives at a party you're hosting. Despite being a total stranger to all of the guests, your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire evening. You're left feelinga little jealous because of this unexpected popularity. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation?

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your friend enjoys high prestige due only to the affiliation with a high-prestige university

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Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture,and power by studying schools in France with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result of meritocracy. Instead, he discovered that

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social reproduction tended to disappear after one generation of children had completed school

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The review of economic data in the text underscores the growing inequality in the United States, and yet it remains true that class is rarely discussed. The author attributes this to both media and

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the ability of many middle class families to maintain the experience of their lifestyle through consumption

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The total value of what someone owns, including stocks, bonds, and real estate, minus any debt, such as a mortgage or credit card debt, is considered

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wealth

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One of the ways that globalization has exacerbated the problem of global inequality is by

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concentration food distribution

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What is the connection between advertisers portraying women and

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European oil paintings and Vargas Paintings

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Anthropologist who studied poverty in Mexico and US, came up with "Culture of Poverty"

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Oscar Lewis

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Who argued that men argue that poverty is not the same thing as culture of poverty

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Oscar Lewis

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Situational poverty

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caused by a sudden change

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Asset Poverty

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household inability to access wealth resources

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Generational Poverty

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family that has lived in poverty for multiple generations

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Elderly Poverty

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senior citizens that live in hunger and can not afford housing

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What is fraternal polyandry?

answer

two or more brothers are married to the same person

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