Anthropology 101 Stein pierce college Chapters 1-4
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Anthropology
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The broad scope scientific study of people from all periods of time and in all areas of the world. Focuses on both biological and characteristics and variation as well as biological and cultural evolution
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Physical Anthropology
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A branch of anthropology concerned with human biology and evolution
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Empirical
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Received through the senses either directly or through extensions of the sense
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Variable
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Any property that may be displayed in different values
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Experiment
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A test of the predictive value of a hypothesis. A controlled experiment compares two situations in which only one variable differs.
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Theory
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A step in the scientific method in which a statement is generated on the basis of highly confirmed hypotheses and used to generalize about conditions not yet tested
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Control
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In the experimental method, a situation in which a comparison can be made between specific situation and a second situation that differs, ideally, in only one aspect from the first
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Anthropocentricity
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The belief that humans are the most important elements in the universe
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Spontaneous generation
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An old and incorrect idea that complex life forms could be spontaneously created from nonliving material.
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Immutable
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Unchanging
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principle of use and disuse
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concept popularized by Lamarck that proposes that parts of the body that are used are often strengthened and improved where parts of the body that are not used become weak and ultimately may disappear.
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Principal of Acquired Characteristics
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Concept popularized by Lamarck that traits gained during a lifetime can then be passed on to the next generation by genetic means considered invalid today.
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Catastrophism
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Idea that the earth has experienced a series of catastrophic destructions and creations and that fossil forms found in each layer of the earth are bounded by a creation and destruction event
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Great Chain of Being
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The idea that organisms are arranged in a hierarchy from lesser to greater state of perfection
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Uniformitarianism
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Principle that states that physical forces working today to alter the earth were also in force and working in the same way in former times
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Strata
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Layers of sedimentary rocks
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Natural Selection
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Differential fertility and mortality of variants within a population
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Creation-Science
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The idea that scientific evidence can be and has been gathered for creation as depicted in the bible.
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Intelligent Design Theory
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An essentially religious explanation of the world that assumes the existence of a supernatural force that is responsible for the great complexity of life on earth today
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Blending Theory
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An early and incorrect idea that the inherited characteristics of offspring are intermediate between maternal and paternal genetic characteristics
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Hybrids
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Individuals that are the result of a cross or mating between two different kinds of parents.
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Dominant
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The trait that is seen in the hybrid is said to be _______
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Recessive
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the trait that is not seen in the hybrid is said to be _______
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Segregation
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In the formation of sex cells, the process in which paired hereditary factors separate forming sex cells that contain either one or the other factor.
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Back-Cross
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The process of crossing a hybrid with its homozygous recessive parent.
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Independent assortment
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A mendelian principle that states that differing traits are inherited independently of each other.
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Phenotype
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The observable and measurable characteristics of an organism.
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Trait
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One aspect of the phenotype
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Genotype
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The genetic constitution of an individual
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Environment
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Everything External to the organism
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Genes
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Sections of the genetic material that have specific functions
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Alleles
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Alternative forms of a gene
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Homozygous
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Having two like alleles of a particular gene
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Homozygous Dominant
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Having two dominant alleles of the same gene
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Homozygous Recessive
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Having two recessive alleles of the same gene
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alleles of a particular gene
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Chromosomes
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Bodies found in the nucleus of the cell that contain the hereditary material.
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Autosomes
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Chromosome other than sex chromosomes.
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molecules
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units composed of two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond
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Proteins
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Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
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Amino Acids
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Molecules that are the basic building block of proteins.
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Antibodies
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Proteins manufactured by the body to neutralize or destroy an antigen.
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Pedigree
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A reconstruction of past mating in a family expressed as a diagram.
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Sex limited gene
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Non sex linked allele that is expressed in only one of the sexes.
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Duplication
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Chromosomal aberration in which a chromosome breaks and a segment is not included in the second generation cell.
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Inversion
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Form of chromosome aberration in which parts of a chromosome break and reunite in a reversed order.
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Genome
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All of the genes are carried by a single gamete
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Enzyme
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A molecule usually a protein that makes a biochemical reaction happen.
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Carrier
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a person who possesses a recessive allele in the heterozygous condition.
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Reproductive population
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a group of organisms capable of successful reproduction.
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Gene pool
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The sum of all alleles carried by the members of a population.
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Genetic Equilibrium
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A hypothetical state in which a population is not evolving because the allele frequencies remain constant over time.
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mutation
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an alternation of the genetic material
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Spontaneous Mutation
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mutation that occurs spontaneously that is in response to the usual conditions within the body or environment.
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induced mutation
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mutation caused by human made conditions
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Sampling error
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in population genetics, the transmission of a nonrepresentative sample of the gene pool over space or time due to chance.
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Genetic Drift
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The situation in a small population in which the allelic frequencies of the f1 generation will differ from those of the parental generation due to sampling error.
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Population Bottlenecking
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A form of sampling error in which a population is reduced in size.
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Founder Principle
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situation in which a founding population does not represent a random sample of the original population.
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Gene Flow
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The process in which alleles from one population are introduced into another population.
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Consanguineous Mating
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Mating between biological relatives.
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Assortative mating
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preference for or avoidance of certain people as maters for physical or social reasons.
