Ancient/Medieval History CH 2 Philosophy – Flashcards
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Which revolution had the most continuity?
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China
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Which civilization has the greatest contrast with China?
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India
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The Cosmopolitan culture of the near East included what?
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Diverse older religious, mythical, and cosmological traditions
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Which two movements helped shape Christianity and Islam?
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Judaic and Greek
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Which dynasty's disintegration set off the philosophical revolution in China?
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The Zhou
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What class disrupted the formerly stable agricultural economy in China?
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Rising merchant class
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What two revolutions were described as diverse?
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Greek and China ("one hundred schools")
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What is the chinese worldview?
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Single and non-dualistic. Includes humans, heaven, and Earth.
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Under what dynasty was there lots of book burning?
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The Qin Dynasty
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Why are rhetoricians practical?
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They taught the arts of persuasion and historical anecdote.
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Which philosophy includes the art of war?
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Strategists
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Which school of philosophy focuses on yin/yang and elements?
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Cosmologists
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What are the Analects?
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Confucius' major work
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Which dynasty did Confucius want to return to and why?
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To the Zhou, because the Zhou did not have much turmoil.
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Why are relationships and harmony connected, according to Confucius?
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If everyone did their duty, there would be harmony.
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Under Confucianism, what is good government?
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Appointment of office to good men
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What is a junzi?
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A gentleman (son of a ruler, aristocrat)
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Confucianism was finally put into action by which dynasty?
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Han Dynasty (202 BCE)
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Under Confucianism, what is the role of education?
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To uncover and cultivate inner goodness
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What does Confucius believe that the role of government is?
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To care for the people
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What did Xunzi believe?
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Human nature was bad, and etiquette and education stops that
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What is the Dao?
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A mysterious, cosmic Creator, also known as the Way.
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Who is the leading Taoist philosopher?
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The Laozi
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What did the Taoists believe?
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That they should return to their simplest nature
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What is the role of the Taoist sage? What is his stance on morality?
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To save people, but he is beyond morality, yet moral.
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Taoists believe what about actions pushed to extremes?
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It initiates a countervailing reaction in the opposite direction.
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What do Taoists believe about government?
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Too much government is oppressive
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Who were the Legalist philosophers?
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Han Feizi (233 BCE) and Li Si (208 BCE)
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Why is Legalism the most influential philosophy?
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The (Legalist) Qin destroyed the Zhou.
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What do Legalists believe about human nature?
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It was selfish.
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Who do Legalists despise?
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Merchants (they believed they were parasites)
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What is the legacy of the Legalists?
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Administrative/criminal laws became vital for China
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What does Han Feizi say about punishment?
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Humans should be shaped by authority and therefore punished.
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What do the Legalists think of the followers of Confucianism?
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They dislike Confucianism, because they do the same as old kings.
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What is the true name of Confucius?
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Kong Fuzi
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When did Confucius live?
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551-477 BCE
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What was Confucius born into?
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Lower nobility/knightly clas
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What are the Classics for the Confucians/Shang/Zhou? (Don't think too hard)
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Their canon
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What did the Confucians try to achieve in society?
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A well-ordered society
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What dynasty takes up Confucianism?
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The Han
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What did Mencius believe about human nature?
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It was good, and education uncovers human goodness
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What did the Legalists seek?
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A true peace and a mode of thought to unify China
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What did the Legalists hope to do in terms of the state?
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To increase its power and consolidate it
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What did Legalists want to reward?
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People who strengthen the state.
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What did the Legalists follow strictly?
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Law
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What resulted of the rivalry between Li Si and Han Feizxi?
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Li Si killed Han Feizi in his prison cell
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Where was the covenant between the Hebrews and God made?
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Mount Sinai
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Was there unity in religion in the Near East?
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No
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What civilization created the monotheistic faith that led to Jewish/Christian/Islamic faith?
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Israelites, or Hebrews (Abrahamic Faith).
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When did the Hebrews appear?
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after 2000 BCE
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Where did the Hebrews appear?
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Northern Arabian peninsula
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Where was the knowledge of the Hebrews found?
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In the Old Testament (the Bible)
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When did the Hebrews likely enter Palestine?
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1900-1600 BCE
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When did the Israelites arise as a nation?
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When they fled from Egypt to Palestine
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Who were the two prominent leaders of the monotheistic nation?
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David and Solomon
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Who did the Northern Kingdom fall to?
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The Assyrians
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Which fell first, the Kingdom of Judah or the Northern Kingdom?
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Northern Kingdom
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Who was the root of the monotheistic tradition?
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Abraham
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Who was the other important figure of monotheistic tradition?
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Moses
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What was the center of the monotheistic revolution?
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The five books of the Torah ("the Law")
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What is the Exodus?
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Moses leads the Hebrews into the Sinai Desert
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When did Israel divide into two?
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922 BCE
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By what year did new social and religious forms take shape on the Indian subcontinent?
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400 BCE
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What does the word 'Hindu' mean in the context of the Indian Revolution?
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The Indian culture
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What does the word 'Indian' mean?
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The natives
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What happened to the Brahmanic class around 500 BCE?
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They became elite and esoteric
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What tendencies died down around 1000-700 BCE on the Indian subcontinent?
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Ritual and sacrifice
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Which society of the Indians heavily impacted intellectual thought?
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Upanishads
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What two emphases emerged from the Upanishads?
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Knowledge>Ritual, immortality is escape from existence
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What was emphasized in Indian culture?
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The self (atman)
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What was the way to the Absolute (Indian)?
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Through the self
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What is karma?
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Every action has its inevitable effects
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Which societies tried to maximize good actions to minimize karma?
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Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains
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What is dharma?
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The order of things
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What does dharma mean?
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Acceptance of responsibilities of sex, class, caste.
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What do people who follow moksha want to do?
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Become hermits absent of ego. Selflessness.
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Who primarily followed the Moksha? (Which caste)
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Warrior noble
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Who do the Jains follow?
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The Mahavira, a human teacher.
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What was the Jain view of existence?
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There is never an end, all souls are trapped by karma.
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What did the Mahavira want to do?
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Eliminate evil thoughts and acts
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Jain monks follow 5 vows. What are they?
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Do not kill, steal, lie, engage in sexual activity, or own.
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What is the name of the Buddha?
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Siddhartha Gautama
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What are the Four Noble Truths?
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All life is suffering; the source of suffering is desire; the cessation of desiring is required; the path is eightfold
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What is the cardinal virtue for Buddhists?
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Compassion for all beings
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Where did the rational/'scientific' inquiry begin in Greece?
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Ionia
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What did the atomists believe?
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The soul and mind is material, subject to the laws of physics
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What did the sophists believe about the polis?
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It was contrary to nature.
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What was the order of the 3 great Hellenic philosophers?
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (and Alexander the Great)
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What did all three great Hellenic philosophers believe?
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That the polis was required; not contrary to nature.
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What was Socrates' most known act?
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Seeking the truth through cross examination
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What did Socrates oppose?
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Democracy
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Where did Socrates die? When?
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Athens, 399 BCE
