Ancient Medicine key terms – Flashcards
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Urbanization
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no sanitation system is set up= fosters disease and pests
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Cuneiform texts
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wedge shape writing tool pressed into wet clay (Mesopotamia)
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The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal
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20,000 tables discovered in Nineveh, 1,000 are medical
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Lamashtu
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swap demon that inflicts pregnant women and infants (Mesopotamia)
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Hand of ghost
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people you killed or ancestors who aren't properly sacrificed to cause diseases
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Asu
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doctor (Mesopotamia), rational
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Ashipu
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divine/magic counterpart of asu (Mesopotamia), aka exorcist
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Treatise of Medical Diagnoses and Prognoses
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diagnostic handbook of 40 tablets, head to foot, reorganized Babylonian medical knowledge, ashipu author
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Ptolemaic Period
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323-30 BCE, Cleopatra dies
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Thoth
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deity of healing and science, baboon
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Sekhmet
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goddess of disease, lioness
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Selqet
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goddess of scorpions, female top halve, body of scorpion
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Isis
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goddess of magic, greeks and romans
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Horus
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the diving physician, hawk
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Imhotep
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divine doctor, mortal, believed to be architect of step pyramids
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Amenhotep (son of Hapu)
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divine doctor, mortal
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Swnw
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"doctor" (Egypt)
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Wer-ibeh-senjw
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possibly earliest sign of specialists
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Merti Ptah
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possibly 1st female physician
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Peseshet
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title of imy-r swnwt= "female overseer of the female physicians"
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Tabeketenmut toe
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wooden prosthesis
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Papyri
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made from grass of Nile, hard to make and expensive so double sided
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Edwin Smith Papyrus
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3 different authors, trauma, head to toe
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Ebers or Smith Papyrus
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longest medical papyrus, treatises, surgery, elite class
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Met
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a networked body, ducts/pathways
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Homer's Iliad
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descriptions of battle wounds and treatment, Machaon and Podalirius
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Philosopher
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"lover of wisdom and knowledge"
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Pre-Socratics
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proposed what the world is made of, Empedocles and demcritus
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The story of Niobe
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17 children, boasts that she is more fertile than a goddess, so the goddess had all 17 killed, boys killed by Apollo and girls killed by Ardimus
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Podalirus and Machaon
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sons of Asclepius (divine healer), mortal healers in IIiad
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Helen
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healing drugs and poision, witch-like
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Greek Miracle
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associated with the rise of philosophy
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Material Monists
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moving away from divine causation, Ionia
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Arche
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principle
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Thales
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1st natural philosopher, 'all things that are' is water
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Anaximander
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his arche was the apeiron ("the limitless")
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Anaximenes
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his arche was air
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Heraclitus
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his arche was fire
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The Pythagoreans
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arche was "all is number", don't eat meat, cheese, or beans
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Empedocles
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physician and wrote poetry, Mt Edna shot him to the moon
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Medical theories in Empedocles
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four elements, blockage=disease, sexual diff
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Four Elements
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water, air, earth, and fire
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Pre-formationism
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diff parts of fetus come from male & female, no development
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Alcmaeon
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medical writer, isonomia and brain is a sensory organ idea is his
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Isonomia
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idea that health is a balance
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Democritus
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atoms ('indivisible'), interest in animal anatomy
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Diogenes
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'vascular system', sperm and air idea
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Hippocratic Oath
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do no harm, show that medicine is a respectable craft
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Hippocrates
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depicted/adapted in many different cultures, "descend of Asclepius", snake, birthplace=Kos, ideas spread to Plato in Athens, father of medicine
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Anonymus Londinensis
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anon ancient greek author, medical papyrus, breathes and gases are causes of disease, residual nutriment, four humor theory Polybus
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Soranus
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"life of Hippocrates"=letters to historical figures supposedly written by Hippocrates of their encounters, historical fiction
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The Hippocratic Question
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determining the genuine works of Hippocrates
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Iatros
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greek for physician
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Hippocratic corpus
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huge Greek body of work about medicine, all under Hippocrates name supposedly, lots of different approaches to medicine/cause
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Techne
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craft of discipline
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The Art
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medicine on the defensive, it's a techne
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Primary source
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original source, by ancient source
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Secondary source
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a scholar talking about primary source
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Polybus
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son-in-law of Hippocrates, formed Nature of Man
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The Sacred Disease
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rational not religious, epilepsy
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Breaths
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air, bodies are part of larger system
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Nature of Man
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text most known for Four Humors, credited to Polybus
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Four Humors
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blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile
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Melancholy
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black bile, depression/thinking about death
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Menecrates
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first to discuss black bile, it's a disease agent and is formed from red bile
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Phlegm
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caused the sacred disease, goats are common victims, phlegmatic
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Choleric
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yellow bile, bad temper, someone that is prone to anger
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Sanguine
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blood, cheery, optimistic, "red in the face"
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Airs, Waters, Places
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environmental influences, external causes, localizing disease, how it affected health and appearance and behavior
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"Epidemics"
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categorizing people good/bad, sickly/healthy
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Ethnological physiology
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racist legacy, "superior races" in "superior climates"
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Hysteria
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uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear, gendered disorder
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Anna O
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Freud's famous case study of hysteria, physical and psych disturbances
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Emile Littre
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wrongly translated hysterikos/hysterika to hysteria
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Hysterikos/hysterika
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things to do with the womb
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Uterine suffocation
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"hysterike pnix, hysterike apnoia, suffocatae conversione vulvarum", womb would move around body and crush other organ, disease agent esp young women, considered the womb to be a living animal w/ own agenda
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"Diseases of Women"
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affects widow and older women no longer having sex, working women will get dry womb and infertile then womb travels to moist organs
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"Girls"
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cure was pregnancy
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Men
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hot and dry
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Women
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cold and moist
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Scent therapy
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attract womb back into place by putting foul smell by mouth and fumigating vagina with sweet smell, resin could be used for both
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Myrrh
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sweet, used during scent therapy
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Castorum
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foul in scent therapy, anal gland of beaver (in candy and nuggets?)
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Hippocratic female anatomy
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body that was networked, lots of tubes, less complex and more empty than males so wombs could move around
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Pessaries
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vaginal compository (clothe, tool, drug)
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Euthanasia
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"neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest a course"
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"Nature of the Child § 2"
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preserves value of sex slave with contraceptives, no drugs
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Abortions in antiquity
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only done for health of mother (structural problem or disease), not for adultery or to maintain youthful beauty
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Pharmaka
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drugs, poison
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Helen and pharmaka
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gave drugs to husband and son to help them forget their sorrows
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Medea
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poisoned Jason's bride
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Phthorion
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abortive
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Atokeion
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contraceptive
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Ekbolion
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expulsive
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"Nature of Women"
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expulsive, squirting cucumber, ex of female lore
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"Diseases of Womens"
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expulsive from the womb, evident that author tried on patient, ex of female lore
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Silphium
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plant used for contraceptive, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, condiment (panacea drug), harvest to extinction
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Plague at Athens
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prolonged war with Sparta, intense crowding of people, renewed interest in healing deities during this time
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Asclepius
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some say hero, some say a god, healer, competitor to Christ, temples in Epidaurus for him
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Coronis
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mother of Asclepius, lover of Apollo but also neighboring king, Apollo burns her while pregnant and has Hermes C-section Asclepius
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Rod of Asclepius
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snake wrapped around his staff, snake symbol of medicine
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Daughters of Asclepius
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Hygieia, Panacea, Aceso, Iaso, Aglaea, all concepts of health, mother was Epione
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Asclepion
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temple of Asclepius, site of pilgrimage
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Incubations
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where patients would hoping to receive dreams from Asclepius
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Iamata
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tablets or description of what happened in their dream in incubation
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Anatomical votives
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healthy part of body is dedicated in hopes of getting a healthy part back (clay figures)
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Asclepiads' medicine
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used medical tools and surgeries but also had public sacrifices
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Asclepiads
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followers of Asclepius, guild of doctors
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Regimen IV
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aka Dreams, very diff from other Hippocratic texts, focused on diets and balance
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Pandora's Jar
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released all evils into the world, represents womb, set negative connotation of women and poor health/disease
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Artemis
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patron goddess of women/menarche and hunt/wild, associated with blood
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Artemis Eileithyia
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childbirth and invocation of the Gods, diff types of Artemis for women to call on
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Amulets
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periammon, periapton, dispel external forces
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Phylactery
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phylaterion, "to defend", wear it, physical diseases
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Incantation
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epode, text you read out loud
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Ephesian letters
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statue that depicts Artemis as sign of fertility, incantation written at base
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Lamellae
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apotropaic function, little piece of metal w/ spell/incantation written on it and wrapped up and worn on body
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The Philinna Papyrus
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magic, fever compared to dangerous animals, sited by women having magic spells
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PMich inv. 6666
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at umich, magic, issue is fever, possibly Helena wore it to get healed
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Aristotle
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pupil if Plato & Alexander the Great, compared anatomy of animals
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Alexandria
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massive territory, invention of pharmacy, split into 4, trade hub
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Library of Alexandria
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state sponsored intellectual program, research institute
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The Mouseion
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hall of muses= place of learning, research, Alexandria, not public, vivisection and dissections here
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Vivisection
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live dissection, Herophilus & Erasistratus
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Attalus
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would poison slaves then give antivenom to see if it worked, very paranoid of being poison, thus pharmacology arised
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Herophilus of Chalcedon
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student of Praxagoras, distinguished arteries and nerves, nerves originate in brain, terms still used, brain most important, humoral theory and pharmacology
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Erasistratus
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younger contemporary of Herophilus, mechanical view of body
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Eudemus
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studied glands in abdominal cavity, especially pancreas, blood vessel layout of embryo and bone, papyrus on nerves attributed to him
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Marinus
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author of a 20 volume work on anatomy
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Rufus of Ephesus
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works on bladder and kidney disease, anatomical nomenclature, melancholy, diabetes
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Andreas Vesalius
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"On the Fabric of the Human Body", Dutch, divides body systematically, lots of illustrations, dissected poor and criminals
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Pharmacology
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foreign substances, compound drugs
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Medical pluralism
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philosophy and the rise of Empiricism, "can learn medicine in 6 months"
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Polypharmacy
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use of compound drugs, only elites did this
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Simple drugs
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cheaper because less ingredients and used local ingredients
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Drachma (dr)
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the size of a coin, about 5g
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Toxicology
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the study of poisons
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Mithridation
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cure all for poisons
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Apollodorus
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first author of a treatise on poisons
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Nicander of Colophon
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poet, not physician or medical author, wrote on toxicology, "theriaca" and "alexipharmaca"
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Theriaca
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"Having to due with Wild Beasts"
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Alexipharmaca
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"antidotes"
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Crateuas of Pergamon
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illustrated plants and had describtions
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Rhizotomicon
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root cutter
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Apollonius of Citium
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wrote a lot of different procedure, influenced by Hippocrates
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"Commentary on Hippocrates' Joints"
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drawings of procedures and comments
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Hairesis
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'sect' or 'school', centered around individual/ideology, not stationary
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Empiricist medical 'sect'
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founded by pupil of Herophilus, links w/ Skeptical philosophy (reliance on judgments from every day life)
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Empiricist 'Tripod'
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accurate observation, well- stocked lib or collective memory, and understanding of the virtues and limitations of similarity
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Heraclides of Tarentum
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wrote on general surgery, focused on reason
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Antiochis of Tlos
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female physician, head doctor, set up own statue
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Medical Hierarchy
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archiators, civic physician, physician, slave doctor
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Archiatros
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court physician, treats empirical leader
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Regal period
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rule of the 7 kings of Rome
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Roman Republic
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social wars, Julius Caesar assassinated
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Campania
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hot springs, elite, prostitution, (Naples)
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Etruscans
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north of Rome, romans featured Etruscans in their culture
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Tubuli
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rounded domed tomb
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Haruspicy
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examine the organs of sacrificial victim to get omens
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Liver of Piacenza
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Etruscans gods written on it, a haruspicy
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Pestilence
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plague
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Cato the Elder
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wanted to destroy Carthridge, thought Greeks were immoral, wrote "On Agriculture", aristocratic farmer
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Pater familias
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head of household and doctor
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Folk medicine/home-pun remedies
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local and simple remedies instead of foreign doctor
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Asclepiades of Bithynia
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atomist view of the body (health=free mvmnt of particles thruout body, disease=obstruction), "swiftly, safely, pleastantly"
