Ancient and Medieval History-Exam 2 – Flashcards
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What is the historiographical issue in St. Benedict?
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How did people adjust to the changes in politics and economics and culture associated with the transformation from the ancient world to the medieval world?
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what were some of the changes that happened with the switch from ancient to medieval world?
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no longer one ruler, no longer use coins, more culturally diverse
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a method of doing history that uses the story of an individual to illustrate connections between broader trends in a period of history
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microhistory
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after the fall of Rome, what was the right half called
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byzantine empire
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which half of the old Roman empire was still "Roman"
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eastern half, byzantine
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after the fall of Rome, what was the left half called
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many different things
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who was literate in Greek and understood Roman law
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Theodoric and the Ostrogoths
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why was there a labor shortage
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no conquered lands means no slaves
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what two things led to economic decline in 5th and 6th centuries
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labor shortage and warfare in countryside
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what is a consequence of the warfare in countryside that caused a food shortage
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cannibalism
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what religion was everyone when the Roman empire fell
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Christian
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what did the people in the countryside turn into after the fall of Rome
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they turned Christian polytheists
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where did Christianity tend to be the most popular
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urban settings where people would read
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what were people in the countryside called
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pagans
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why did all polytheists start to be called pagans
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association with pagans and polytheists
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who did pagans and Christians blame for the fact that the world was terrible
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each other
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the belief that Jesus is not co-eternal with the father
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arianism
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who declared arianism as heresy
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Constantine
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what do arians believe about Jesus
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that Jesus lived and died but he was not equal to the father
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what do orthodox Christians use as a political weapon to condemn their opponent
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heresy
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what wars did Benedict of Nursia live through
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gothic wars
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what did Benedict's background look like
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roman patrician
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what did benedict become
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a monk
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to deny yourself everyday comfort to focus your attention on prayer
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asceticism
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what was Pachomius the first person to do
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set up a monastery
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What did Pachomius set up the first monastery to protest
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patricians were making Christianity so every day
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during Benedict's time, was it respectable to be a monk
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yes
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what did Benedict's fellow monks try to do and why
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kill him because he was too radical and wanted them to be radical too
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where does Benedict more after they try to kill him
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Monte casino monastery
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what religion were people around the monte Casino monastary
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pagans
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what happened to Monte Casino from the time Benedict entered to the time he left
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it went from very small to very large
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what was the reason for the large size increase of the Monte Casino monastery
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he converted many pagans
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what did Benedict write his book about
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how he lived his life and how other monks should live (pray, fast, work)
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what three things did Benedict detail in his book
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hierarchy and old Roman values and new values
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who is the man at the top of the hierarchy in a monastery and what does that name mean
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abbot (means papa)
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what details about old Roman values does Benedict's book detail
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obedience, discipline, moderation, and order
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what new values did Benedict detail in his book
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silence, manual labor, and humility
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what decision did Benedict have to make in his book
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what values he wanted t hold on to and those that he wanted to change
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what is the historiographical issue in Byzantium and the Empress Theodora
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judging personality of historical figures
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what was the name of the capital city in Byzantium
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Constantinople
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what are the strengths of the Byzantine empire
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has organized government and economy
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what is the weakness of the Byzantine empire
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Persians and others at the Eastern border pushing to get in
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who was the emperor before Justinian and what was their relationship
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Justin, his uncle
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what was the goal of Justinian's rule
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return the empire to its former glory
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what were the four components of Justinians goal of reuniting the empire
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display, unity in law, military, unity in religion
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which of the four components of Justinian's is the longest lasting
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unity in law
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what were two bad results of Justinian trying to unite the empire
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fiscal weakness and border trouble
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what does empress theodora's background look like
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poor family who worked at the ampitheater performing crude jokes
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what was the book called written by Procopius, a historian for Justinian and Theodora
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The Secret History
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was the secret history his public or personal accounts of what was going on
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personal accounts
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when was the secret history published
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after Procopius' death
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what kind of relationship did Procopius have with Justinian and Theodora
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he hated them
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Is the Secret History a good source
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can't trust it because he hated them
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what are some of the things that Theodora did before meeting Justinian
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served as a mistress of an army general and meets monophysites in Alexandria and works as a weaver
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what does Justinian have to do before he can marry Theodora
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change a law about marrying commoners
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Theodora was _______ and Justinian was _________
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outgoing; anti-social
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532 Constantinople street protest because of arrest of popular athletes and then later heavy taxes
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Nika Revolt
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describe the Nika revolt
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lasts for 9 days, burns a ton of buildings, and kills people
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Justinian _____ want to flee and Theodora _____ want to flee
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does; does not
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what does Theodora command to happen to the rioters
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gathered in ampitheater and slaughtered by the military (30000)
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What is Justinians's main display of wealth
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Hagia Sophia
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whose legacy was the big domed church (Hagia Sophia)
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Justinians
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what was Justinian's legacy in unity in law
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The Body of Civil Law
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what were the three main components to the Body of Civil Law
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codex, digest, institutes
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this was the first part to the body of civil law, it organized all laws so they could be found by topic and made laws much more usable
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codex
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this was the second part to the body of civil law and was a collection of judicial opinion(reason behind the judge's decision) It interprets and applies the law to make sure it keeps up with today
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digest
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this was the third part of the body of civil law and it is a textbook teaching someone how to become a lawyer, how to use Roman law and practice and helped shape the American legal system
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institutes
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what were Theodora's contributions to the legal system
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women's property rights and outlaws prostitution
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what is Theodora's lasting legacy
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she doesnt have one
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after Theodoric the great (king of Italy) died who became king
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Athalaric (his young son)
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who served as regent for Athalaric
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his monther Amalasuntha
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how was Justinian's relationship with Theodoric before he died
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civil and diplomatic
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Why does Amalasuntha want to continue working with Justinian
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the warlords dont want a woman ruling and Justinians says that he will protect her
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after Athalaric dies, what does Justinian do
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sends letter to warlords saying not to do anything to Amalasuntha
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after Athalaric dies, what does Theodora do
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sends letter to warlords saying she would be happy if something happened to Amalasuntha
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how was Amalasuntha killed and what does that say
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she was strangled and that was the kind of execution of commoners and was insult to her royal class
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what is Justinian's excuse for invading Italy
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getting Amalasuntha's murderers
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what marks the start of the Gothic Wars
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Justinian's invasion of Italy
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is it possible that Justinians and Theodora were working together as good cop/bad cop so they would have an excuse to invade Italy
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yes
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why does Procopius say theodora sent that letter to the warlords (not credible)
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out of jealousy
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does Justinian win the Gothic wars
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yes and they set up a city
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what is the historiographical issue in Jews, Arabs, and the Rise of Islam
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is it anachronistic to say that Jews and Arabs have always been enemies (yes)
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what does the Roman territory Judah become
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Judea
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after a rebellion, what happens to the Jew
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temple destroyed and leadership passes from priests to rabbis
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Jewish scholar or teacher
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rabbi
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Jewish revolt against emperor Hadian
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Bar Kokhbar
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why did the Jews rebel against Hadian
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he wanted to build a temple to Jupiter in middle of Jerusalem
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who wins the Bar Kokhbar
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Romans
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what was the Roman's goal in making the Torah illegal to study, outlaw circumcision, cannot ordain a rabbi, exile all Jews from Jerusalem
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making it illegal to be Jewish
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after the bar kokhbar, Hadian brings in ________ to repopulate and renames the territory _________
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non Jews; Syria- Paestina
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after their exile from Jerusalem who do the Jews begin to rely on heavily
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their rabbis
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who was the leader of the rabbis
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patriarch
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what is an application of Jewish beliefs to everyday life
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mishnah
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eventually after the Bar Kokhar, the Jews are allowed back in and they become ___________
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Roman citizens
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why did the Christians not force the Jews to convert
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the mass conversion of Jews was a sign of the coming of God and they didnt want to force it prematurely
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were Christians and Jews the same members of society
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no there were laws restricting the participation of Jews
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Jews in Babylonia were under the _____
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Sassanid
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what is commentary on the mishnah on how to apply Jewish practices and keep them alives
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talmud
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what kind of society were arabs in the middle east
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tribal society
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what kind of organization did the arabs have in the middle east
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clans
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what were the two urban centers of the Arabs
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Mecca and Medina
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what were 7th century wandering Arab tribes called
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Bedouin tribes
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how were the Arab clans similar to the Bedouin tribes
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believed in loyalty and protected each other and their territory
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what religion were all the Arab clans
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polytheistic
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what is the worship of natural things
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pantheistic
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why is Mecca sacred
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the ka'aba (a shrine around a rock that fell out of the sky)
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what is not allowed in Mecca
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fighting
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who is the favorite god of Mecca
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allah
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why does Mohammed become a leader
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diplomatic skills when trading
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what did Mohammed have that made him special
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visions from Allah
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what does Mohammed come to believe in (adapted from Jewish god)
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monotheism
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why does Mohammed start to become a trouble makers
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causing a division in polytheists and monotheists
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where does Mohammed move with his followers after he starts causing some trouble
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from Mecca to Medina
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Mohammed creates the ummah which
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replaces the family clan with the religious clan (establishes Islam)
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what does Islam mean
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those who surrender to Allah
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why was Mohammed amazing
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he was able to unify the Arabian peninsula
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after Mohammed's death, where was the split
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between the Shi'ite and the Sunni
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after Mohammed's death who do they elect as the caliph
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Abu Bakr (his father in law) sunni
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who did some believe should be the caliph after Mohammed's death
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Ali (his son in law) shi'ite
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when does the shi'ite never unite with the sunnis again
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after Ali is assasinated
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under which caliphate did islam spread their kingdom incredibly from Spain to India
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Umayad Caliphate
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what does ISIS talk about wanting to recreate
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umayad caliphate
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why is there friction between Christians and Muslims
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they are no longer on top
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who gets along with the Muslims the best and why
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jews (used to being second class)
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in what three ways does Islam differ from Christianity
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emphasis on Abraham and Moses, images, monotheism
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What is the historiographical issue in Carolingians and Donation of Constantine
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When did West/ Europe appear?
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what is the historiographical method in Carolingians and the Donation of Constantine
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breaking down a large questino into smaller ones
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what does the Donation of Constantine state
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the pope is the emperor of the west
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what was odd about the Donation of Constantine
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it was a forged document
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when was the Donation of Constantine written
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400 years later
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early leaders in Christian organizations who looked after followers
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bishops in the roman empire
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territory around a bunch of churches where bishops look over churches and priests and followers
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diocese
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when bishops gathered together in a group to agree to do stuff together
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church councils
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where does the word pope come from
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papa; greek for father
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what states the "I am number one of all the bishops" because I am the bishop of Rome
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papal primacy
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when the pope was surrounded by Goth and Arian enemies all around him, who did he look to for protection
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Justinian
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what did Justinian and Theodora do in Rome during the Gothic Wars
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feed the starving, stop the raping and pillaging
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where does Justinian establish an army to protect the pope
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Ravenna
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who invades and Ravenna and takes the pope's army
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Lombards
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stylized religious depiction
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icon
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movement to destroy images because they think people worship them instead of worshiping god
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iconoclasm
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the rise of what religion was causing trouble in Italy
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Islam
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which emperor becomes a big iconoclast
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Leo
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what was a big reasons Leo was an iconoclast
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soldiers were iconoclasts and he wanted their support
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why does the pope say he needs icons
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needs them to teach people who can't read about Christianity
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what is leo's response to the pope saying that he will not destroy icons
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takes away the support of his army
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called the "hammer" a powerful man whose position was mayor of the Carolingian palace and was in charge of the military and worked with the Pope
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Charles Martel
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who was Charles Martel's son
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Pippin
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who becomes the most powerful man among the Franks
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Pippin
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why does Pippin write to the pope
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wants to becomes the king as legally as possible
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what does Pippin do after the Pope agrees that he can call himself King?
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takes army to Rome, gets rid of Lombards, and gives chunks of land to the pope (Donation of Pippin)
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when do historians think the Donation of Constantine was written
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the time of Papal supremacy, making him the emperor in case the Franks betray him (around the time of Pippin)
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who was Pippin's son
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Charles the Great (Charlemagne)
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when is the Donation of Constantine put away because it is no longer needed
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after Charlemagne is crowned emperor of the west
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what do they refer to as the west
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Charlemagne's empire (around France)
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what is the historiographical issue in Medieval Economy: the Peasants
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determining the causes for complex historical events (specifically the urban and commercial revival of the central middle Ages)
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what document divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandkids
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treaty of verdun
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after charlemagne's empire, who was invading from the west
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the vikings
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after charlemagne's empire, who was invading from the east
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magyars
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after charlemagne's empire, who was invading from the south
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muslim pirates
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what arrangement between aristocratic men started in tenth century France
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feudalism
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what did the lord give in a feudal arrangement
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land and protection
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what did the vassal give in a feudal arrangement
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homage and fealty
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was a feudal arrangement honorable or dishonorable
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honorable
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was it possible for a man to be a lord and also a vassal
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yes
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when does the economic decline begin
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tenth centry
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why does trade start shrinking
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invasions
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after trade starts shrinking, what also begins shrinking
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city size
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when did the economic revival begin
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eleventh century
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after the economic revival starts, what becomes very popular
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fairs
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what starts becoming a business after fairs start
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money
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what question do historians ask about the medieval economy
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how did the economic revival happen in the eleventh century
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what is the first possible answer to the economic revival question
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the millenium change
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how does the millenium answer explain the revival
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they thought the world was going to end at the year 1000 and when it didnt they got busy working
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what is the problem with the millenium answer
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why did everyone decide to get busy at the same time and think the same way
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what is the post hoc propter hoc argument mean
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that because a second thing happens after a first, the first must have been the cause (not based on evidence)
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what arguement do historians use to back up the millenium answer
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post hoc propter hoc
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what is the second possible answer to the economic revival
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dusty footed merchants
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how does the dusty-footed merchant theory explain the revival
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people walked around selling things and that spurred the economy
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what is the problem with the dusty-footed merchant theory
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how could they do it in 100 years, how could they inspire fairs and the use of money
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what is the third and correct theory to the economic revival
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tenth century agricultural revival
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what happened in the ninth century that caused it to be easier to farm in the tenth century
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climate change
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what enabled farmers to plow more land in the tenth century
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technology like heavy plow, new harnesses
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what were the results of the agricultural revival
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increased food supply, population, and commercial growth
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what are the two questions asked about the Crusades
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were the Crusades good or bad for Europe and were Crusaders good, pious men, or selfish men
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who were the original Crusaders
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Franks
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what were the original Crusaders wearing that made people start calling them Crusaders and what were they doing
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croix (cross); making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
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what was the medieval idea of a Crusade
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holy war; not happy; fighting for god
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what was the situation in the Byzantine Empire before the Crusades
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seljuk turks invade from the east and become sunni muslims and start attacking other sunnis
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which Crusade was the most sucessful
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first
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who called the first Crusades
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pope urban II
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what was Pope Urban's call for a Crusade in response to
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Alexius' request for help when being attacked by Muslims
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what were the possible reasons that Pope Urban called for the Crusade
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maybe he was sympathetic to the Christians, maybe he wanted to demonstrate his leadership skills, maybe he wanted to mend the Easter Church schism
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where did pope urban gather people to talk about the Crusade
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Clermont
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what reasons did Pope Urban give to people as to why they should participate in the Crusade
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they'll get rich, they'll go to heaven, and they'll be helping their fellow Christians
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what is an indulgence
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a reward from the Crusades; it wipes away the punishment you deserve from sinning
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after the conference at clermont, how long did it take for an army and supplies to be gathered before they headed east
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a year
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where were the first Crusaders sieged, which they broke
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Antioch
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did the first Crusaders win or lose Jerusalem
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won
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after the first Crusade is one, what do they set up
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crusader states
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what are Crusader states
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territories set up by western knights
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does Alexius get his territory back after the Crusades
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no
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was the second Crusade a failure or a success
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failure
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what was the Second Crusade a response to
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muslims taking edessa
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do the second crusaders ever make it to edessa
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no
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instead of making it to edessa, who do the second crusaders attack
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damascus (their ally)
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which crusade is the most famous
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third crusade
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who called the third Crusade
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Pope Gregory VIII
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what was the call of the third Crusade a response to
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the fall of Jerusalem in 1187
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who is the muslim leader that controls Jerusalem during the third Crusade
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saladin
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what was remarkable about the third Crusade
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powerful men respond
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who were the three powerful men that respond to the call for the third Crusade
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Philip II(france), Frederick Barbarossa (Germany and holy Roman emperor), Richard Lionheart (England)
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who drowns when crossing a rive somewhere in Asia Minor on the way to the Crusades
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Frederick Barbarossa
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why does Philip II pull out of the Crusades
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gets sick and hears that Richard's brother has been taking advantage of his absence
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what do his people call Philip II
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Augustus
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who wins the third Crusade
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no one; its a tie
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what did the truce of the third Crusade say
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muslims will hold the city but Christians can come and go peacefully to see the holy sites
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who called the fourth Crusade
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Pope Innocent III
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what were the motivations for the fourth Crusade
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get Jerusalem, wealth, and help Christians
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where were all of the fourth Crusaders supposed to meet up
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Venice
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how were the fourth Crusaders supposed to get from Venice to the middle east
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ship (had a contract with Venice to make them)
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what was the problem before they set off for the fourth crusade
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not all the men show up (they have too many ships)
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what does Venice ask the Crusaders to do to pay off their debt
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attack their rival Zara
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what does Venice want Zara gone
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they are their trade rival
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what happens after they attack the city of Zara (a Christian city)
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excommunicates the entire army
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what happens after the fourth crusaders are excommunicated
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a man says his father is the king of Constantinople and he needs their help getting him back on the throne and that is what the citizens want
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was what the son from Constantinople said true
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no
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what do the fourth Crusaders decide to do after they learn about the lie
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attack Constantinople and keep it for themselves
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what are the pope's feelings after the attack on Const
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he is happy because he hates Constantinope
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what are the mens feelings after the fourth Crusade
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they are made because they wanted to go to Jerusalem
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what is the military effect of the Crusades
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failure because the lose all of their territory eventually
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what is the religious effect of the Crusades
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doesn't bridge the gap between East and West and made it worse with the attack on Constantinople
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what is the political effect of the Crusades
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Philip and Richard become even more famous, Pope Innocent gathers even more followers, and Saladin becomes a political leader among the Muslims
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what is the social effect of the Crusades
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starts attack of Jews in Europe
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what is the historiographical question in Bad King John
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was John really a bad king
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what are the three ways medieval kings can be chosen
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military conquest, elected by top warriors, inherited from father
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who was king John's father
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Henry II
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how did john's father (one of England's greatest kings) become king
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won civil war about letting a woman rule
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who was king John's mother
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Eleanor of Aquitane (very rich, once married to the king of France, but it was annulled)
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whose vassal was Henry (Johns father)
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Louis (King of France)
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in the vassal relationship of henry and louis, who was more powerful
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henry
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who was johns brother
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richard lionheart
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what kind of King was Richard Lionheart
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absentee king because he liked France more than he liked England
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why did people not really want john to take over as king
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they were used to running things by themselves when richard was king
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why did people not like Johns personality
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didnt trust anyone, liked to kick people when they were down, hard to get along with, couldnt be trusted with women
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what did John do that made aristocrats furious
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when a baron made him angry, john locked his wife and children in a castle and starved them to death
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what was the relationship between kings and the pope before john is king
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kings cooperate with pope and the church
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what was happening in the church when john is king
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church reforms, pope Innocent and papal primacy
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what was the controversy between John and the Pope about
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archbishop of Canterbury
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who does the pope want to be the archbishop of Canterbury
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Stephen Langton
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what does John do to stephen
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locks him out
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what does the pope do in response to stephen langton being locked out
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issues an interdict (closes the church except for baptisms and funerals)
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what happens in response to the interdict
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people go to church anyway and john allows stephen in
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why does john allow stephen in
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he wants to be the pope's vassal so that he owes him protection
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after john treats a french baron wrong what does king Philip do
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summons john to paris and he refuses
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why is john required to go to Paris
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he is philips vassal
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why is Philip allowed to take John's lands
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john broke the vassal oath
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what land does Philip take from John
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Normandy
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why was the loss of normandy so bad
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access to rest of kingdom, productive farmland
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why do his people starts hating john after the loss of Normandy
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he taxes them more so that he can build huge army
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after the loss of Normandy, who does john make as his allies
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Germany, flanders, and the pope
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what battle did john and his allies try to capture French but lose and continue to lose even more land
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battle of bouvines
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what happens after the battle of bouvines
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rebellion by johns vassals and barons
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what happens after john loses the rebellion by his barons
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he is forced to sign the magna carta
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what is the magna carta
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a document supporting democracy (protests the things john did as king)
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who helped write the magna carta
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stephen langton
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what does the magna carta state about john
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stop doing the things he did and if he did them they could rebel and get rid of him
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who does john write to about the magna carta and what does he say
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pope innocent; says its not binding because he was forced to sign it
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what happens after john signs the magna carta
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starts doing everything again
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after john starts doing all the bad things again, what do the rebels do
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rebels invite Philip to come in and get rid of him
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what happens after the rebels ask for philip's help
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john dies, they ask philip to leave, and barons put all their support behing johns 3 year old son henry
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what is the historiographical issue in "Intellectual Life in the High Middle Ages"
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understanding the medieval interest in conflict and resolution
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what was the location of intellectual life in the high middle ages
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paris
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why was paris a good location
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located on river siene
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what was the old type of architecture called
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romanesque
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what were the characteristics of old architecture
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rounded arches, small think windows, barrel vault ceilings
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what was the new type of architecture called
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gothic
question
what were the characteristics of new architecture
answer
taller, pointed arhces, stained glass windows, ribbed vault ceiling, flying buttresses to support walls
question
what is the name of the cathedral with extroidinary stained glass
answer
la sainte chapelle
question
what was the conflict and resolution in architecture
answer
conflict was not being able to build tall churches; conflict was ribbed vault ceilings and flying buttresses
question
what was the old type of monophonic music
answer
one voice when everyone sings the same thing
question
what was the new type of polyphonic music
answer
the voices all do different, sometimes jarring things but they all end at the same time on the same note
question
what was the old type of education
answer
monastery school where monks were taught literacy skills and cathedral schools where a bishop would teach young men to become priests (only for wealthy men)
question
what was the new type of education
answer
universites (when cathedral schools went on strike)
question
what do the teachers in the guild call themselves
answer
universitas (all of us)
question
who officially recognizes the university of Paris
answer
philip II
question
what was the old type of thinking
answer
ruminatio (thinking about an idea in different ways; memorize what people thought about before)
question
what was the new type of thinking
answer
dialect (use logic to solve problems, resolve conflict by using reason)
question
who was a master of dialect who wrote sic et non (Yes and No), a book about how to ask questions that gathers evidence from both sides
answer
peter abelard
question
why did peter abelard get in trouble
answer
he was asking theological questions and not always giving the "right" answer
