Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 2 & 3 – Flashcards
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The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
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Atomic weight (mass)
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A combination of two or more atoms of different elements
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Compound
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A small, negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus
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Electron
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An atom that has gained or lost electrons, and thus carries an electrical charge
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Ion
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Atoms are held together by sharing electrons
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Covalent Bond
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The most fundamental substances of matter
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Elements
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A substance that combines with hydrogen ions
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Base
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A molecule that influences the rate of chemical reactions but is not consumed in the reaction
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Catalyst
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Two atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights
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Isotopes
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A substance that releases ions in water
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Electrolyte
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The number of protons in an atom
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Atomic number
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The area of an atom where protons and neutrons are located
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Nucleus
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Loosely coiled fibers containing protein and DNA within nucleus
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Chromatin
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Location of ATP production for cellular energy
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Mitochondrion
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Small RNA-containing particles for the synthesis of proteins
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Ribosome
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Membranous sac that stores or transports substances
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Vesicle
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Dense body of RNA and protein within the nucleus
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Nucleolus
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Slender tubes that provide movement in cilia and flagella
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Microtubule
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Composed of membrane-bound canals and sacs for tubular transport throughout the cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Occupies space between cell membrane and nucleus
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Cytoplasm
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Flattened, membranous sacs that package a secretion
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Golgi Apparatus
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Membranous sac that contains digestive enzymes
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Lysosome
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Separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm
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Nuclear envelope
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Spherical organelle that contains chromatin and nucleolus
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Nucleus
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G1 - Cell grows, S - DNA is duplicated, G2 - cell grows and makes sure all the organelles are duplicated
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Interphase
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Nuclear membrane breaks down; nucleolus disappears; centrioles begin to migrate to opposite sides of the cell; spindle begins to form; homologous chromosomes form; crossing over occurs
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Mitosis
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Homologous chromosomes are lined up down the middle of the cell
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Metaphase
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Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
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Anaphase
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Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleus reappears; spindle fibers disappear; cell divides in 2
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Telophase
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During anaphase; cell membrane starts to constrict down the middle of the cell and continues through telophase
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Cytokinesis
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During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
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S-phase
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How are gametes produced?
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Meiosis
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Is water polar or nonpolar?
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Nonpolar
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Meiosis results in the formation of what?
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Egg and sperm cells
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What are stem cells?
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Cells that can divide
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What are the base pairing rules of DNA?
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AG & CT
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What are the most common elements in living things?
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C, N, H, O
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What are the phases of mitosis?
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PMAT - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What atoms make up water?
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H, O
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What does isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic mean? What happens to cells in these states?
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Iso - same osmotic pressure, cell has carbon; hyper - high pressure in cell, no change; hypo - lower pressure in cell, cell swells and bursts
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What does organic mean?
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Has carbon
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What happens to a cell that does not divide?
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It dies
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What is the nucleus of an atom made up of?
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nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin
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What is a compound?
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Atoms of different elements bond
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What is a covalent bond?
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Chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms
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What is an isotope?
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Has the same number of protons, with a different number of neurons
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What is cytoplasm?
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Contents of a cell, including the nucleus and cell membrane
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What is denaturation?
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Hydrogen bonds in protein break from excessive heat, etc.
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What is diffusion?
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Movement of particles from higher to lower concentrated areas.
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What is endocytosis? Exocytosis?
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Cell membrane envelopes a substance and draws into cell by a vesicle; transports out of cell
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What is metastasis?
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Cancer-spreading process
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What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient
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What is the atomic number?
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Number of protons in an atom of an element
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What is the difference between microtubules and microfilaments?
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Tubules - Long slender tubes; Filaments - Tiny rods of protein
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What is the flexible barrier around a cell?
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Cell membrane
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What is the function of a cell's nucleus?
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Houses genetic material
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What is the function of an enzyme?
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Protein that catalyzes or speeds chemical reaction
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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Controls substances that enter and leave the cell
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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Framework/Structure
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What is the monomer of a carb? Lipid? Nucleic acid? Protein?
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Monosaccharides, none, nucleotides, amino acids
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What is the pH of an acid, of a base?
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0-7; 7-14
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What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
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To pull apart centromeres
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What organelle breaks down food into energy?
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Lysosomes
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What organelle breaks down macromolecules?
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Lysosomes
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What organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
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Chloroplasts
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What structure carries out cell movement?
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Flagella
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What structure makes proteins?
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Ribosomes
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What structure provides cells with energy?
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Mitochondrion
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What structures are found in cytoplasm?
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Mitochondrion, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Chloroplasts
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Where is genetic material stored?
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Golgi apparatus
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What organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?
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Lysosomes
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A small, negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus
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Electron
