Anatomy Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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What are the major controlling systems in the body?
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endocrine and nervous
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Which area of the brain is responsible for much of the body's hormonal control?
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hypothalamus
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What pathway does a simple reflex travel along?
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receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
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What are the major parts of a nerve cell?
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dendrites, soma and axon
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What is the electrical wave that travels down an axon?
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action potential
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What is the space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendtrite of another neuron?
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synapse
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What is the chemical that transfers the electrical signal from one neuron to another?
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neurotransmitter
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What is the primary integration center in a spinal reflex?
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the spinal cord
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What is gray matter?
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unmyelinated parts of the brain and spinal cord
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What is the covering that insulates axons?
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myelin
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What is the function of myelin?
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speeds up nerve impulses
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What area of the brain is responsible to interpreting information coming from the eyes?
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occipital lobe
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
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respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
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What part of brain controls movement?
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cerebellum
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What part of the brain acts as a thermostat to regulate body temperature?
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hypothalamus
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What is the most common neurotransmitter in the body?
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acetylcholine
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What is the function of the frontal lobe of the brain?
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planning, reasoning, and voluntary movement
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What are the meningeal layers?
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dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
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What is an inflammation of the meninges?
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meningitis
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What part of the brain controls our sex and food drive behaviors?
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limbic system
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All sensory information except olfactory must first travel through what part of the brain before it goes to the cortex?
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thalamus
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What are the photoreceptors of the retina?
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rods and cones
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What point on the retina has no photoreceptors?
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blind spot
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Which photoreceptor allows humans to see in dim light?
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rods
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Which photoreceptor allows humans to see in color?
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cones
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What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the visual receptors of the eye?
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iris
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Where are the receptors for hearing located in the ear?
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cochlea
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Why can corneas can be transplanted without being rejection?
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they have no blood supply
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What stimulates olfactory cells and taste buds?
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substances in solution (mucus and saliva)
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls our "fight or flight" response?
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sympathetic
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Which division of our autonomic nervous system controls our "feed and breed" response?
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parasympathetic
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List the structures of the eye through which light passes to the retina.
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cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina
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What structures make up the brain stem?
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midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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What are the two types of neuroglia that produce myelin?
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Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
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As an action potential travels down the axon how does the electical charge, polarization, change?
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It becomes depolarized.
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If a neuron responds at all, it responds completely. This is known as what?
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The All or None Principle
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What is the master endocrine gland?
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pituitary gland
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What hormone plays the greatest role in the contractions of the uterus during labor?
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oxytocin
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Describe endocrine glands.
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ductless, well vascularized, small and widely separated in the body, and release hormones directly into the blood
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What anabolic hormone stimulates growth of all body tissues especially skeletal muscle and bone?
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thyroid
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What is the function of insulin?
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lower blood sugar
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What is adrenaline?
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Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. It is released into the bloodstream in response to stress, such from fear or physical injury. Also called EPINEPHRINE.
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What is cortisol?
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secreted by the adrenal cortex; it aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy; also called hydrocortisone
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What is growth hormone?
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Substance secreted by the anterior pituitary; controls size of an individual by promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth
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What is melatonin?
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Hormone released by pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark
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regulatory
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Blood has many function. Maintaining normal pH would be classed as what?
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increased white blood cells
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If a person has a bacterial infection, what abnormality would a blood test show?
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the left ventricle.
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Which wall of the heart is thicker to allow it to pump blood at a greater pressure?
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arteries
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What vessels carry blood away from the heart?
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delivers materials and regulates all systems of the body
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What is the function of the circulatory system?
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pulse pressure
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What is systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure?
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red bone marrow
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Where are red blood cells produced?
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SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His
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List components of the cardiac conduction system.
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valves
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What structures keep blood flowing in the right direction?
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left ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava, right atrium
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Describe the flow of blood, starting with the left ventricle.
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Veins
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What vessels are lowest in oxygen?
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AB
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What is the universal blood recipient?
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A, B, O, AB
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What types of blood can the universal recipient receive?
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hemoglobin
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What protein found in blood carries oxygen to body tissue?
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systole
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What is the term for contraction of the heart?
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diastole
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What is the term for relaxation of the heart?
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salt, stress, genetics
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What are risk factors for high blood pressure?
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75 bpm
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What is the average normal heart rate?
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taking in and eliminating gases from the body
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What is the basic function of the respiratory system?
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increase of carbon dioxide
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What causes a person to breathe?
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lubricating the lungs and reducing friction
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What is the function of the pleurae of the lungs?
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ciliated mucous lining the nose
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What prevents a lot of the particles you breath from reaching the lungs?
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nose, pharnx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchioles, alveoli
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What is the main pathway of air from outside of the body to the capillaries of the lungs?
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simple diffusion
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How is gas exchanged in the alveoli?
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smoking
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Name a bad habit that can damage the lungs.
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bronchitis
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What is the term for inflammation of the lungs?
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forces air out of lungs, increases the size of the thoracic cavity, increases the internal pressure of the lungs
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How does contraction of the diaphragm aid in breathing?
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chemical digestion
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What type of digestion occurs when enzymes break lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into smaller molecules?
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peristaltic waves
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What are waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another?
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breaks down complex molecules for use by the cells
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What is the function of the digestive system?
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the pancreas
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What gland is involved in helping to break down fats?
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amylase
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What enzyme helps to break down carbohydrates?
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pepsin
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What enzyme helps to break down proteins?
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diarrhea
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What disorder occurs when the colon does not absorb enough water?
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villi
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What are the finger like extensions lining the small intestine that increase the surface area?
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increase absorption
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Why is it important to increase the surface area of the small intestine?
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liver
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Where is bile produced?
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emulsifies fat
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What does bile do?
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maintains homeostasis by regulating the composition , pH and volume of body fluids
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What is the function of the urinary system?
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ureters and urethra
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What tubes conduct urine out of the body?
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nephron
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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urine
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The nitrogenous wastes urea and uric acid are found in what body fluid?
