Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue – Flashcards
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Muscle functions
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Movement, stablizing, storing and moving substances throughout body, heat generation
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Properties of muscle tissue
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Electrical excitability, Contractility, extensibility, elasticty
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3 Types of Muscle tissue
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Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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Skeletal muscle
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Striated, multinucleated, voluntary
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Cardiac muscle
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Striated, Uninucleated, involuntary
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Smooth muscle
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Nonstriated, uninucleated, involuntary
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Epimysium
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Surrounds entire muscle
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Perimysium
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surrounds fascicles.
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Fascicles
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Bundles of muscle cells
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Endomysium
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Surrounds individual muscle fibers
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Sarcolemma
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Cell memebrane. Has transverse tubules
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Sarcoplasm
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Cytoplasm containing glycogyn and myoglobin
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Myofibrils
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rod like unit of a muscle
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Sarcoplasm reticulum
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Stores calcium, terminal cisterns
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Terminal cisterns
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Calcium abundance near transverse tubules
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Triad
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2 terminal cisterns and 1 transverse tubules
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Sarcomeres
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Functional unit of a skeletal muscles
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Myofilament
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Thin and thick
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z Disc
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the ends of one sarcomere
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I Band
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Place where you can only see thin filament
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A Band
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Length of thick filament
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H zone
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Only see thick filament
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M Line
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Middle of sarcomere, holds thick filament in place
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Myosin
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Binding site for ATP and actin. Looks like two golf clubs wrapped around each other
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Actin
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Myosin bonding site, in thin myofilaments
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Muscle regulatory proteins
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Tropomyosin and troponin
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Tropomyosin
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Covers myosin binding sites
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Troponin
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Tnl(Actin), TnT(Tropomyosin), ThC(Calcium)
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Neuromuscular junction
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Synapse between a somaticmotor neauron and a skeletal muscle fiber
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical message, stored in synaptic vesicles, released across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on motor end plate.
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Stored in synaptic vesicles, released across synaptic cleft, binds to ACh receptors on motor end plate. ACH binds to a receptor to open ion channels and the sodium around the synapse rushes in through the channels down the electro chemical gradient.
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Action potential
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Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm. Calcium binds to TnC
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Sliding filament Mechanism
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Thin filaments slide over thick filaments, by the z discs pulling together. The I band and H zone shorten, and the A band remains the same length
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Atp hydrolysis
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Reorients and energizes myosin head
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Contraction cycle
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Atp Hydrolysis, Cross bridge, Power stroke, detachment of myosin from actin
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Attachment of myosin on Actin
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Phosphate released, ADP attaches to myosin head
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Power stroke
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ADP released, rotate toward center of sacromere
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Detachment
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ATP attaches to myosin causing detachment of myosin from actin
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Terminating muscle contraction
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Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh in cleft
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Muscle metabolism energy source
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ATP
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the methods to metabolize
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PHosphorylation of ADP, Anaerobic cellular respiration, Aerobic cellular respiration
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Phosphorylation of ADP
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Catalyzed by creatine kinase and provides energy for short bursts of activites (15 seconds)
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis, oxygen is not required, provides energy for around 30-40 seconds
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Glycolysis
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Net atp gain=2; Glucose->Pyruvic acid, if Oxygen->Lactic Acid
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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Requires oxygen, which diffuses into muscle fibers. Prolonged activities where endurance is important.
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Muscle fatigue
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Inability to contract after prolonged activity
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Reasons for muscle fatigue
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Inadequate release of calcium, depletion of creatine phosphate, insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, multiple reason
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Oxygen Debt
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Extra oxygen that body takes in after exercise to restore metabolic conditions to resting level. Converts lactic acid to glycogen, synthesizes atp and creatine phosphate, replaces oxygen that was before removed.
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Control of muscle tension
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Motor unit, muscle twitch, frequency of stimulation, strength stimulus
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Motor unit
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A somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. Measured on a myogram
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Myogram
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Shows latent period, contraction period, relaxation period and refractory period
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Refractory period
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period of lost excitability after stimulus is applied
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Tetanus
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unfused (incomplete), Fused (Complete)
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Strength of stimulus
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Frequency of action potentials, recruitment of motor units
