Anatomy 1 test III – Flashcards
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arthrology
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the study of joints
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In what two ways are joints classified?
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1- functional 2-structural
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What are three Functional classifications of joints?
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1-diarthrosis 2-amphiarthrosis 3-synarthrosis
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Diarthrosis
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Freely moveable joint
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Amphiarthrosis
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slightly moveable joint
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synarthrosis
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immoveable joint. provides lots of protection ex: sutures of skull, joints that are fused and immovable
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What are 4 structural classifications of joints?
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1-Fibrous 2-Cartilaginous 3-Bony 4-Synovial
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what are three types of fibrous joints?
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1-suture 2-gomphoses 3-syndesmoses
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fibrous joint
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joint joined by COLLAGEN fibers
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Cartilaginous joint
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joint joined by CARTILAGE
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Bony Joint
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Joint in which 2 bones fuse together
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Synovial Joints
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joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
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Suture
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Type of fibrous joint synarthroses-immoveable found in bones of the skull
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Gomphoses
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type of fibrous joint synarthroses-immoveable attachment of a tooth to its socket via fibrous PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT
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Syndesmoses
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Type of fibrous joint synarthroses-slightly moveable 2 bones bound by ligament (made up of collagen fibers) only, giving the bones more mobility. most utility: in shafts of radius to ulna allowing pronation & supination of forearm joined by interosseous membrane least utility: in shaft of tibia and fibula
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Interosseous membranes
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found in syndesmoses joints broad fibrous sheet located between shafts of radius and ulna (more moveable) and the tibia and fibula (less moveable) allows for movements such as pronation and supination of the forearm
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What are two types of Cartilaginous Joints
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1-Synchondroses Joints 2-Symphyses Joints
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Synchondroses joints
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Type of Cartilaginous Joint Amphiarthroses-slight degree of movement Bones are joined by HYALINE cartilage EX: temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bone in a child formed by cartilage of epiphyseal plate attachment of the first rib to the sternum by HYALINE COASTAL CARTILAGE
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Symphyses
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Type of Cartilaginous Joint Amphiarthroses-slightly moveable Bones are joined by FIBRO CARTILAGE EX: Pubic symphsis- where R&L hip bones joined by cartilaginous interpubic disc Intervertebral discs-- the joint between the bodies of 2 vertebrae
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Bony joints
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two bones, once separate, fuse by OSSEOUS TISSUE ex: L&R mandible present at birth L&R frontal bones present at birth epiphyses and diaphysis of long bone
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appendicular skeleton
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forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
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What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
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movement
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What is the function of the Axial skeleton?
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It's main purposes are to protect your vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, and to provide an efficient structure to preform a variety of work.
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axial skeleton
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the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
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Synovial joint
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Bones separated by fluid filled space called the JOINT CAVITY diarthrosis-freely moveable ex: elbow, knee, knuckle, wrists, ankle
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fibrous capsule of synovial joint
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outer covering of joint capsule continuous with periosteum on adjoining bones lined by synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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Synovial membrane of Synovial Joint
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Lines Fibrous capsule, produces synovial fluid. populated by macrophages that remove debris
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Synovial Fluid
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lubricant. rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid which give it viscous texture nourished articular cartilages, removes their wastes makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free
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meniscius
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characteristic of some synovial joints a pad of fibrocartilage to absorb shock, guide bone movements and distribute forces EX: Knee
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what are three accessory structures of synovial joints?
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1-bursa-small synovial sacs between tendons and bones, allowing them to slide more easily past each other 2-Tendon Sheaths- Encircle tendons that pass through the palm of the hand 3-Ligaments- bind bone to bone 3-Ligaments
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Ball and Socket Joint
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smooth hemispherical head fits into a cuplike depression EX: shoulder hip
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Hinge Joints
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One bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression on other bone EX: Ulna & humerus @ elbow joint Femur & tibia @ knee
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Saddle Joint
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each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other EX: Trapeziometacarpal joint @ base of thumb
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Gliding joint
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flat articular surfaces slide over each other ampiarthroses-slightly moveable EX: articular process of vertebrae intercarpal and intersal joints
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Perimysium
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Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle larger BV's, Stretch Receptors
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Sarcoplasm
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Cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell
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Sarcomere
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contractile unit of muscle
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Fiber
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A skeletal muscle cell
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actin/myosin
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Is a contractile protein of skeletal muscle
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Endomysium
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Connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
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Plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell
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Superficial fascia
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Connective tissue of muscle separate muscle from skin
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Myofibril
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A long organelle found within the skeletal muscle cell that has a banded appearance
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Myofilament
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Actin or myosin containing structure
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Tendon
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Cordlike extensions of connective tissue beyond the muscle serving to attach it to the bone
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Epimysium
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Connective tissue surrounding the whole skeletal muscle
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Sarcoplasmie Reticulum
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A structure storing calcium ions-In terminal cisternae
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Triad
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A unit composed of two terminal cisternae and one T-tubule
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T-tubule
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An invagination of sarcolemma carrying electrical signals inside the cell
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Troponin and Tropmyosin
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Is a regulatory protein of skeletal muscle
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Muscle Tone
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Is a continuous contraction that shows no evidence of relaxation
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Isotonic Contraction
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A contraction in which the muscle shortens and work is done
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Fatigue
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When a muscle is being stimulated, but is not able to respond due to "oxygen debt"
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Isometric Contraction
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A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten, but tension in the muscle keeps increasing
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Rectus Muscle
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The name means the "straight" muscle of the abdomen
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External abdominal oblique
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Forms the most superficial layer of the lateral walls of the abdomen
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Traverse abdominal
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Deep abdominal muscle with horizontal fibers
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Rectus Muscle
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Linea alba is seen between this muscle
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Rectus sheath
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Vertical sleeve enclosing the rectus abdominis muscle
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Aponeurosis/Tendons Wider
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Tendons of the oblique and traverse are called
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Rectus Muscle
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Produces forward bending at the waist
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Internal abdominal oblique
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This muscle has fibers passing perpendicular to the external abdominal oblique
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Latissimus dorsi
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Large paired superficial muscle of the lower back
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Erectus spinal
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Muscle that forms pork chops and T-Steaks
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Deltoid
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Thick triangular muscle that caps the shoulder and forms the shoulder mass
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Trapezius
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Muscle that allows you to extend your head
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Supraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, intraspinatus
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4 muscles of the rotator cuff musculature
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Pectoralis Major, latissimus dorsi
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Two muscles that form the axial group of muscles acting on the humerus
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Pectoralis Major
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Thick fleshy muscle of the mammary region
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Supraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, intraspinatus
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SITS muscle
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subscapularis
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Rotator cuff muscle located on the anterior side of the scapula
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Trapezius latissimus dorsi
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Susan, a massage therapist, was giving Mr.Smith a backrub. What two broad superficial muscles of the back were receiving the "bulk" of her attention
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Flexor tendons
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group of muscles whoes tendons pass through the carpal tunnel
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Pronator quadratus
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Resist seperation of radius and ulna in push-ups
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Biceps muscle and bronchialis
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Two muscles, synergists that allow you to flex your elbow
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Triceps
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A muscle acting on the elbow, has three heads (long, lateral, and medial)
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Biceps
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Forms the anterior bulge of the arm
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Biceps brachii
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Major stabilizer of the shoulder joint
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Pronator Teres (weaker) Pronator Quadratus (stronger)
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Achieve Pronation
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Biceps brachii
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An elbow flexor that is also a forearm superinator
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Extensor digitorium
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This muscles four tendons can be seen on the back of the hand (fingers strongly extended)
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Supinator
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Supinates the forearm
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Triceps
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Muscle that extends the elbow
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Popliteal fossa
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the tendons of these muscles can be felt as prominant cords on both sides of the popliteal fossa
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Gleutus Maximus
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Forms the mass of the buttock
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Sartorius
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Strap-like muscle that is a weak thigh flexor: the tailors muscle
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Hamstring
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Muscle group that extends the thigh and flexes the knee
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Gastrochemius
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"Toe Dancers" muscle, a two bellied muscle of the calf
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Quadriceps muscle
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Muscle group that extends the knee
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Gleutus Maximus
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Used to extend the hip when climbing the stairs
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Semimembranosus, Semitendinious
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Muscle of the hamstring block
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Soleus
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Like the two belied muscle that lies over it, this muscle is a plantar flexor
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Achiellies Tendon AKA Calcaneal tendon
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Strongest tendon in the body , common site for sports injuries from sudden stress
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Gastrochemius and Soleus
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Two muscles that form the triceps surae
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Hamstrings
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During an overambitious workout, a high school athlete pulls some muscle by forcing his knee into extensionwhen his hip is already fully flexed. What muscle did he pull?
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Deltoid, Glutus Maximus, and quad muscle
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Three muscles used frequently for intramuscular injections in adults
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Anterior aspect of the body
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Most flexor muscles are located on...
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Posterior
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Most extensors are located on the
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Knee (reversed)
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An exception to this generalization is the extensor-flexor musculature of the...
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What are 5 connective tissues of a muscle? (internal to external)
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1-endomysium 2-Perimysium 3-epimysium 4-Deep Fascia 5-Superficial Fascia
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Deep fascia
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Connective tissue of muscle. between adjacent muscles
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Fibrous (F) Actin
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has 2 intertwined strands each subunit in strand is GLOBULAR (G) actin with an ACTIVE SITE
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Tropomyosin
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in relaxed muscle, blocks the active sites of 6-7 G-actins
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Troponin
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attached to each tropomyosin binds Ca ions
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I band
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Regions of THIN FILAMENTS by themselves
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H zone
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Region of THINK FILAMENTS by themselves
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A band
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Overlapping THICK and THIN filaments Contains H zone
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T/F Filaments change length during shortening
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FALSE!!! filaments DO NOT change length during shortening
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When sarcomeres contract
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Z disc pulled closer together they shorten all _________in a fiver will contract together and contract the fiber itself
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muscle tension
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force exerted by contracting muscle
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Load
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force exerted on muscle by weight of object
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treppe
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each twitch has time to recover but develops more tension that one before. Staircase phenomenon-becomes stronger that previous
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Temporal/wave summation
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each stimuli arrives before last one recovers...more tension developed and no time to recover between signals
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tetanus
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fusion of summated twiches, no relaxation
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what are 3 things to know about myosin head
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1-can bind ATP 2-has enzyme ATPaze that can break down ATP 2-has binding site for actinp
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phosphagen system
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immediate source/burst of energy...ATP used at onset of exercize and short term high intensity exercise EX: sprinting 50, High jump lifting weight
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glycolysis
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breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid occurs in sarcoplasm only 2 mol ATP produced
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aerobic respiration
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consists of: 1-krebs cycle 2-electron transport chain produces: 36 mol ATP
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pivot joint
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one bone has projection that fits into ringlike ligament of another first bone rogates on longitudinal axis EX: atlantoacial joint (dens and atlas) proximal radioulnar joint (pronation and supination)
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Condyloid joint
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Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next EX: radiocarpal joint of wrist metacarpophalangeal joint at base of fingers
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Temporomandibular Joint
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sphenomandubular and temporomandibular
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the hip joint
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formed by articulation of femur and os coxae. joint capusle strengthened by deep socket-acetabular ligament. LIGAMENTS: Pubofemoral illofemoral ischiofemoral
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3 components of erector spinae
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the spinalis thoracis, the longissimus thoracis iliocostalis lumborum.
