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C.O.R.E.

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Congress of Racial of Equality, a group that planned the Freedom Rides to desegregate interstate buses

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Plessy V. Ferguson 1896

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Separate but equal facilities based upon race are constitutional, overturned in 1954

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Jim Crow

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Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas based on the idea of \"separate, but equal\" facilities

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De Jure Segregation

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Legal segregation, by law

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De Facto Segregation

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Segregation that existed because of tradition and attitudes, not law

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S.N.C.C.

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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participating in the Movement, staging sit-ins and continuing the Freedom Rides

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Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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The (reluctant) leader of the SCLC and Civil Rights Movement. A preacher, husband, and fater, he began as head of the Movement during the Montgomery bus boycott. He advocated a peaceful movement with civil obedience. He was assassinated in 1968.

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Elijah Muhammad

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The founder of The Nation of Islam and mentor to Malcom X and Muhammad Ali, leader of Black Muslims who campaigned for independence for Black Americans (1897-1975)

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Brown V. Board Education

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Ruled that \"separate, but equal\" facilities were illegal, marking the end of legal segregation

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Malcolm X

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Black Muslim leader who, unlike King, said Blacks were superior to whites, promoted the separation of races, and advocated Black Power and self-defense. He later changed his views. He was assassinated in 1965.

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NAACP

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality. An extremely important group of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

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A follow up to the Civil Rights act of 1968, this law banned discrimination in housing (known as the Fair Housing Act)

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Lynching

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The practice of an angry mob hanging a perceived criminal without regard to due process. This might happen to blacks in the South who did not act inferior to whites.

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Marcus Garvey

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African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

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Freedom Rides

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A series bus rides through the American South made by both blacks and whites in 1961 meant to test the ruling of unsegregated public places. During the trips there were sit-ins as well a brutal mob violence and beatings (helped along by Bull Connors).

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Thurgood Marshall

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Chief lawyer for the NAACP and won many cases for it, *including Brown v. Board*

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

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Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. It was not enforced.

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Nation of Islam

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Founded by Elijah Muhammad, a group of militant African Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence and separatism for Black Americans

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Rosa Parks

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The woman who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger in a Montgomery bus in 1954. Her arrest stirred the black community of the city to stage a year-long bus boycott.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Signed into law by Pres. Johnson on 6 August 1965, it outlawed the discriminatory practices used to keep African Americans from voting

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Ruby Bridges

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The first African-American child to go to a white school in the South; she had to have a police escort to get to and from school in New Orleans during integration

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Introduced by Pres. Kennedy and signed by Johnson, it broke the barriers to voting registration for Blacks as well as racial segregation in all public places.

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Jackie Robinson

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The first professional African-American baseball player. He integrated the major leagues.

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John F. Kennedy

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President of the United States during the Civil Rights movement who was in support of it. He was assassinated in 1963.

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Bull Connor

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He was the chief of police of Birmingham (and member of the KKK), Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

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Emmett Till

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African-American boy lynched and murdered in Mississippi in1955 at fourteen years old for allegedly making a pass at a white woman. His murder was the pivotal event that motivated the Civil Rights Movement.

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KKK

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A terrorist group of white Southerners who used violence against the Civil Rights Movement

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Affirmative Action

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Programs intended to make up for past discrimination by helping minority groups and women gain access to jobs and opportunities

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George C. Wallace

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The Governor of Alabama who ran on a platform of \"Segregation now, tomorrow, and forever!\". He did all he could against desegregation, even going against Pres. Kennedy.

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Sit-In

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The act of occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment as a form of organized protest

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SCLC

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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The year long (December 1955 to December 1956) boycott of Montgomery's buses by the city's black community spurred by the arrest of the NCAAP member, Rosa Parks. It made segregated buses and bus facilities illegal.

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Little Rock 9

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The group of 9 students recruited by the NAACP to integrate an Arkansas high school in 1957. For this to happen, President Eisenhower used the military to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision

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Black Panthers

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A militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites

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March On Washington

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The massive rally held in Washington D.C. in August 1963 to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his \"I Have a Dream\" speech to more than 250,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

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March In Selma

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The 1965 protests were a response to the murder of Jimmy Lee Jackson by an Alabama State Trooper. The first two attempts were unsuccessful due George Wallace and the sheriff. On the third attempt, 25,000 people marched from Selma to Montgomery protected by thousands of federal officials.

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Ida B. Wells

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African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by boycotting white businesses.

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Alice Walker

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Contemporary American writer, who focuses on the struggles of African-American women, against societies that are racist, sexist, and violent. The strength of black women and the importance of African-American heritage and culture. She wrote The Color Purple.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

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The democratic president of the United States after JFK's assassination. He was in favor of Civil Rights and passed many laws to that effect.

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16th Street Baptist Bombing

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Bombing of an African American church in Birmingham even after protesters have settled. 4 men who are part of the KKK plant a box of dynamite under the elementary school which results in the death of 4 innocent girls.

American History Civil Rights Paper 1

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