Flashcards About American History Chapter 8

Due to the increasing number of industrial jobs, and technological advances began to meet the nation's needs for communication, transportation, and space. Skyscrapers and the electric transit helped too

Urban planning was city planners soughing to restore a measure of serenity to the environment by designing recreational areas. Helped improve city life by adding boating, tennis facilities, a zoo, and bicycle paths. Brought up the park's beauty.

There was an increasing number of books, magazines, and newspapers to meet the growing demand of the reading public. American mills produced huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp. The web-perfecting press printed on both sides of paper. Then cut,folded, and counted the pages as they came down the line. Faster production and lower costs made newspaper and magazines more affordable

Established the first transcontinental airmail service

architect that designed the ten-story Wainwright Building in St. Louis

designed the Flatiron Building, the slender 285-foot tower in 1902

spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks

brothers that experimented with new engines powerful enough to keep "heavier-than-air" craft aloft

developed a series of more convenient alternatives to the heavy glass plates previously used for pictures on cameras

People viewed education as a key to greater security and social status, and so they believed that public education was necessary for a stable and prosperous democratic nation.

The economy demanded advanced technical and managerial skills, so the curriculum expanded to include courses in science, civics and social studies.

African Americans were mostly excluded from public secondary education, had to attend private schools which received no government financial support. Immigrants were encouraged to go to school, and most immigrants sent their children to the public schools.

Colleges changed the courses the offered by expanding the modern languages, physical sciences, and new disciplines of psychology and sociology. Private colleges and universities required entrance exams, but some state universities began to admit students by using the high school diploma as the entrance requirement.

With the help of the Freedmen's Bureau and other groups, blacks founded Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities.

believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society

the first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard, strongly disagreed with Washington's gradual approach. Founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the AA community would have well-educated leaders

aimed to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in agricultural, domestic, or mechanical work.

Limited the vote to people who couldn't read, required a literacy test, blacks were usually given harder questions than whites, or even given tests in foreign languages. Poll tax, annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote. Grandfather clause that stated even if a man failed the literacy test or couldn't pay the poll tax, he could still vote if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1st, 1867.

Southern states passed racial segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

Ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and didn't violate the 14th amendment, the decision established "separate but equal" which allowed states to maintain the segregated facilities as long as they provided equal service.

They had to follow racial etiquette, meaning they never could shake hands with whites, blacks had to yield the sidewalk to white pedestrians, and black men always had to remove their hats for whites. Not doing this would lead to being lynched.

Found themselves forced into segregated neighborhoods and faced discrimination in the workplace. labor unions often discouraged black memberships, and employers hired AA's labor only as a last resort and fired blacks before white employees. Sometimes led to violence between the AA and working class whites.

Railroads made them work for less money than other ethnic groups. Mexicans were vital to the development of mining and agriculture in the Southwest. Some Mexicans were forced in to debt peonage, a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.

White's feared job competition with the Chinese immigrants which often pushed the Chinese into segregated schools and neighborhoods. Strong opposition to Chinese immigration developed, and not only in the West.

moved to Memphis to work as a teacher, later became an editor of a local paper, 3 friends of her were lynched and she saw it for what it really was

an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote

stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1967. (date is important because before that time, freed slaves didn't have the right to vote, therefore the grandfather clause didn't allow them to vote)

separation of people on the basis of race

separated white and black people in public and private facilities

the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and didn't violate the Fourteenth Amendment, decision established the doctrine of "separate but equal" which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service

system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

Amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, new forms of theater, and spectator sports

Boxing and baseball was what many americans enjoyed

American newspapers began using sensational headlines

Art galleries, realism, photography, painting

Light fiction and realistic portrayal of american life

Shopping centers, development of department and chain stores, and the birth of modern advertising

Ward's catalog brought retail merchandise to small towns. Early Sears catalogs stated that the company received hundreds or orders everyday from young and old who never sent away for goods. By 1910, about 10 million americans shopped by mail. Post office introduced a rural free delivery system that brought packages directly to every home.

a hungarian immigrant who had bought the New York World in 1883, pioneered popular innovations, such as a large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and women's news. His paper emphasized "sin, sex, and sensation" in an attempt to surpass his main competitor

purchased the New York Morning Journal, already owned the San Francisco Examiner, sought to outdo Pulitzer by filling the Journal with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and even an imaginary conquest of Mars

led by Eakins's student Robert Henri, painted urban life and working people with gritty realism and no frills

Samuel Langhorne Clements, the novelist and humorist, inspired a host of other young authors when he declared his independence of "literature and all that bosh", some of his books have become classics of American literature

system that brought packages directly to every home

At the turn of the century, the literacy test that tested reading, the poll tax, and the grandfather clause all kept the African Americans from realizing their full political rights in voting. The federal government did all they could to keep them from voting, even gave them harder questions, sometimes in a different language, on the literacy test. The Jim Crow Laws, separating white and black people in public and private facilities, also created segregation. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled the separation of races in public accommodations was legal but ruled "separate but equal", equal services, which also kept the AA from reaching their full potential in social rights.

American mills began to produce huge quantities of cheap paper and the new paper proved durable enough to withstand high-speed presses which led to faster production and lower costs which made newspapers more affordable. Photography advances prompted millions of Americans to become amateur photographers. Also the camera helped to create the field of photojournalism, reporters could not photographs events as they occurred. Newspapers used sensational headlines to captivate readers attention. Art galleries graced every large city, literacy rates rose with the interest in light fiction and lives of americans. Urban shopping created department stores and chain stores, brought many people out to shop. Advertising pushed products and people would see them all over to go buy these things. Catalogs and RFD lead to millions of americans to order things that would be delivered straight to their homes. This trend was definitely a positive one for the people of the US because it created many jobs and activities for people. Although lots of money was being spent, lots of money was also being collected. It created the culture of Americans and shaped our world today.