question

Prior to the find @Folsom, NM, in the 1920s, many archaeologists believed that the people of North America

answer

arrived relatively recently, prob no more than 3 or 4,000 yrs. ago

question

Which statement does not accurately describe the work of a historian?

answer

historians seek artifacts over written doc. to determine the attitude of a people

question

Though ancient Americans lacked writing skills, they

answer

used many other kinds of symbolic rep.

question

Modern arch. study ancient peoples by

answer

combining a variety of approaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors

question

These artifacts found in the 1920s among the bones of giant bison, provided new archaeological evidence that human beings had inhabited N. America at least 16,000 yrs ago

answer

Folsom Points

question

An archaeological term referring to the 1st people and their descendants who migrated into N. America about 15,00 yrs ago

answer

Paleo Indians

question

The gigantic common landmass that was fractured about 240 million yrs ago by the process of continental drift

answer

Pangea

question

A distinctively shaped spearhead used by Paleo Indians to kill big mammals that was found in excavations throughout North and Central America and that provided evidence of a shared common ancestry and way of life among nomadic hunters between 11,500 BP and 11,000 BP

answer

Clovis Points

question

A 1,000 mile wide region often called a "land bridge" existing between Asia Siberia and American Alaska during most of the last great global cold spell

answer

Berengia

question

Scientific term applied to the last great global old spell in which the sea level dropped as much as 350 ft. below its current level, between 80,000 BP and 10,000 BP

answer

Wisconsin glaciation

question

The basic reason for the early prolonged absence of humans in the Western Hemisphere is that

answer

Pangea broke apart; N and S America had become detached from the gigantic continent of Pangea

question

The Wisconsin glaciation created conditions that permitted

answer

the creation of Beringia, which supported herds of mammoth, bison

question

Most of the artifacts that have survived from the Paleo Indian era suggest that the first American's

answer

hunted big mammals

question

About 11,00 yrs ago, the Paleo Indians faced a major crisis b/c

answer

large animals they hunted had difficulty adapting to warmer climate

question

The gov of which country sponsored Columbus' 1492 exploration?

answer

Spain

question

While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's pop, it was beneficial in that it

answer

eased pressure on food resources and created greater opportunities fir advancement

question

Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

answer

technological advances in navigational instru. and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige

question

Some of the scientific and technological advances that aided European explorers by 1400 included the

answer

astrolabe and compass

question

1st European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the 15th c. was

answer

Portugal

question

Portugal was an unlikely nation to lead Europe into the Age of Exploration b/c

answer

it was a small nation with less than 2% of the pop. of Christian Europe

question

Portugal's easy interest in exploration and expansion stemmed from its desire to

answer

expel Muslim's from the Iberian Peninsula and gain access to African trade posts

question

In order adapt to the demands of longer ocean voyages, the Portuguese

answer

developed a vessel known as the caravel

question

By the 1460s, the Portuguese used the African slaves to work sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and became the first nation to

answer

associate plantation labor with African slavery

question

Which country first navigated the sea route from Europe to Asia?

answer

Portugal

question

A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

answer

destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asia marketplaces

question

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

answer

the East Indies

question

When Columbus 1st sighted land in 1492, he believed he had discovered a new route to

answer

India and China

question

The Tainos shared what traits with the Europeans?

answer

they farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs

question

The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494

answer

drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic O. and that which was west side=Spain east side=Portugal

question

John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a "Northwest Passage" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?

answer

Newfoundland

question

In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemuller was among the very first to understand that

answer

the discoveries of Columbus, Balboa, and Vespucci proved there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia

question

Megallan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

answer

convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was not a feasible route

question

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred as the

answer

Columbian Exchange

question

Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

answer

exposed Indians to devastating old World diseases

question

The story of Pocahontas saving Captain John Smith from her father's death sentence was told to inform the reader

answer

of how inadequately Englishmen understood Indian rituals

question

When Pocahontas intervened to save John Smith, she was most likely participating in an Algonquian ceremony that

answer

expressed Powhatan's supremacy and his ritualistic adoption of a subordinate chief

question

King James's land grant to the VA Co. of 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence an

answer

royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands

question

Only 38/144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, VA, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

answer

malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor

question

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the VA colony were

answer

gentlemen and their servants

question

Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New world in the 16th c., the English of VA Co

answer

expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity

question

The VA colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists

answer

been willing to learn how to farm

question

King James revoked the VA Co charter and made VA a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included

answer

Powhatan's uprising and an investigative reports showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates among colonists

question

Under royal gov in VA, the colony's inhabitants could vote for

answer

local business

question

Crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony

answer

tobacco

question

If you wanted to become highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in VA, biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

answer

lack of workers

question

Most hired workers

answer

earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in 2 or 3 yrs of labor in England

question

Headrights were initiated by the VA Co. and cont. by the royal gov. as an incentive to encourage settlement in the VA colony. A headright

answer

granted 50 acres of land to every settler who paid his own transportation to Chesapeake

question

A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

answer

the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of Englishmen who were willing to work

question

17th c. Chesapeake society was essentially a society of

answer

servants and ex-servants

question

After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her

answer

freedom dues

question

Indentured servants tended to be

answer

poor young men born in England

question

Some planters viewed indentured servants as

answer

property they sometimes sold

question

Indentured women

answer

were not permitted to marry until their servitude was complete

question

Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they

answer

stole, became pregnant, or ran away

question

Indentured servants saw themselves as

answer

free people who were servants temporary

question

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

answer

did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them

question

The term yeoman planter refers to a

answer

farmer who owned a small plot of land sufficient to support a family

question

The decline in the price of tobacco in the 3rd quarter of the 17th c. contributed to the

answer

Tobacco prices declining, mortality rates declined, and the elite can consolidate more land and wealth

question

By the 1670s, the Chesapeake social structure was polarized. This social structure was based on?

answer

...

question

Mercantilism was a

answer

economic policy that places the welfare of the mother country about the welfare of the colonies

question

Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

answer

threatened to transfer power from the traditional est. to newcomers and small farmers

question

After Bacon's death

answer

royal officials removed Berkeley and nullified Bacon's laws

question

The social and political distance that existed between planters and small farmers decreased between 1660-1700. Factors involved in this change include the

answer

decline in # of indentured servants in the colony and a greater dependency on slave labor

question

The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida

answer

stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries

question

Spanish missionaries considered European ideas about civilization to be

answer

necessary for full conversion of Indians to Christianity

question

The order to "break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary and the other saints, the crossers, and everything pertaining to Christianity was issued by

answer

Pope

question

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

answer

Barbados

question

Which British colony brought in the greatest profit in 1700?

answer

Barbados

question

By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

answer

sugar

question

It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands b/c it helps us better understand

answer

West Indies had direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina

question

The only 17th c. English colony to be settles principally by colonists from other colonies rather than from England was

answer

Carolina

question

The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

answer

rice

question

Until the 1670s almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of

answer

8 persons in the region was African

question

The shift from an indentured servant labor force to a slave labor force occurred for many reasons; one was that

answer

slavery provided a perpetual labor force

question

For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system b/c slaves

answer

could be controlled politically

question

Compared to slavery in Barbados, slavery in Chesapeake

answer

was more confining b/c slaves often worked alongside while servants, in general, were subjected to more constant surveillance by white people

question

Supreme chief of the Algonquian people when the Virginia Company first arrived in America.

answer

Powhatan

question

Chief of the Algonquian people who organized a major assault on English settlers in 1622.

answer

Opechancanough

question

A crop grown by Native Americans for centuries that created a profitable export economy for the Chesapeake area settlers in the 1600s.

answer

tobacco

question

These were designed to favor the interests of common farmers in the Chesapeake region in order to lessen tensions between small farmers and grandees.

answer

Bacon's Laws

question

The person who symbolically saved John Smith and later married John Rolfe and moved to England.

answer

Pocahontas

question

Name of the legislative body in the Virginia colony.

answer

House of Burgesses

question

This was a private venture that succeeded in establishing a permanent settlement in the Americas, after several royal ventures had failed.

answer

Virginia Company

question

This term refers to fifty acres of free land granted by the Virginia Company to each settler who arrived in the Chesapeake.

answer

headright

question

About 80 percent of immigrants to the Chesapeake during the seventeenth century belonged to this socioeconomic group.

answer

indentured servants

question

This was the first successful English colony.

answer

Jamestown

question

These were designed to increase tax revenue generated from colonial trade.

answer

Navigational Acts

question

This person attempted to create a colony that would be a refuge for Catholics.

answer

Lord Baltimore

question

He was the Chesapeake governor who called for new elections to the House of Burgesses that resulted in the passing of Bacon's Laws.

answer

William Berkley

question

This term categorizes the settlement of Europeans in the Americas and the extraction of American resources to augment the wealth of invading countries.

answer

mercantilism

question

He decided that England could have North American colonies supplying profits similar to those the Spanish colonies sent Spain.

answer

James I

question

The most profitable British colony in the West Indies during the seventeenth century.

answer

Barbados

question

In 1680, he led an uprising that was an Indian response to Spanish rule in New Mexico.

answer

Pope

question

He granted a charter to establish a colony south of the Chesapeake and north of the Spanish territories in Florida, what eventually became South Carolina.

answer

Charles II

question

This group inhabited the region first settled by the Virginia colonists.

answer

Algonquian Indians

question

Why do historians rely on the work of arch to write the history of ancient America?

answer

1. Ancient Americans lacked a writing system 2. Distinction between methods of historians and arch

question

Why were humans able to migrate into N. America after 15,000 BP?

answer

1. Human origins and dispersal 2. Adaption to cold climates and emergence of the land bridge

question

Why did the European exploration expand dramatically in the 15th c.?

answer

1. Bubonic Plague 2. European ambitions 3. Scientific and technological advances 4. The Reconquest

question

How did Columbus' landfall in the Caribbean help revolutionize Europeans' understanding of world geography?

answer

1. 15th c. conceptions of geography 2. Landfall and a route to Asia 3. Cartographic innovations

question

Why did Powhatan pursue mostly peaceful relations with the Jamestown settlement?

answer

1. Powhatan's wariness 2. Desire for English goods 3. Powhatan's diplomacy

question

Why did the vast majority of European immigrants to the Chesapeake come as indentured servants?

answer

1. Economic circumstances in England 2. High cost of travel

question

Why did Chesapeake colonial society become increasingly polarized between 1650 and 1670?

answer

1. Circumstances during 1607-1650 2. Increased supply of tobacco 3. Improved settler survival rate

question

Why did the Pueblo Indians revolt against Spanish missionaries in 1680?

answer

1, Spanish missionaries in N. America 2. Pueblo Indians

question

Why had slave labor largely displaced indentured servant labor by 1700 in Chesapeake tobacco production?

answer

1. Permanent servitude 2. Improved mortality rate 3. Political advantages

American History Ch. 1-3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards