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Agribusiness

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the family farm is not an isolated activity but one integrated into a large food production industry

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Cereal Grain

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grains such as oats, wheat, rye, and barley

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Chaff

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the husks that surround the rice seeds

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Combine

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a machine that performs in one operation the tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning

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Commercial Agriculture

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found in more developed countries, the production of food for primarily sale off the farm

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Crop Rotation

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the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crope each year to avoid exhausting the soil

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Desertification

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When human actions cause land to deteriorate to a desert like condition

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Double Cropping

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when two harvests are obtained from a field in one year

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Grain

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the seed from various grasses, like wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, and others

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Green Revolution

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the invention and rapt diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques. it involves two main practices, the introduction of higher yield seeds and the expanded use of fertlizers

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Horticulture

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growth of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

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Hull

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the outer-covering of rice

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Intensive Substance Agriculture

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must be intensively worked to produce to attain food from the land to survive on, in primarily Southwest Asia, in wet climate - rice, in dry climates - other crops

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Milk Shed

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the ring that surrounds a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

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Paddy

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the malay world for wet rice

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Pastoral Nomadism

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form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

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Plantation

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large farm that specializes in one or more crops, located in LDCs, owned by MDCs

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Prime Agricultural Land

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the most productive farmland

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Ranching

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the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

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Reaper

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machine that cuts grain standing in a field

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Ridge Tillage

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System of Planting crops on ridge tops

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Sawah

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a flooded field

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Seed Agriculture

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Reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization

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Shifting Cultivation

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Is done to 1/4 of the worlds land, either when the land is slashed and burned, or when land is used until it is depleted and left fallow. Typically done by a village as opposed to an individual. Prevalent in South America, Central and West Africa, Middle East, and Central Asia

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Slash and Burn Agriculture

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when farmers clear land for planning by slashing vegetation and burning the debris

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Spring Wheat

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Wheat grown in dakotas, montana, and southern canada. Grown in spring, harvested late in the summer

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Subsistence Agriculture

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production of food primarily for consumption by the farmers family

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Swidden

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cleared area used for farming

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thresh

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method used to seperate husks from rice by beating heads on the ground

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Transhumance

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seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

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Truck Farming

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commercial farming and fruit farming

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Vegetative Planting

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reproduction of plants by direct cloning of existing plants

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Wet Rice

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practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

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Winnow

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allowed to be blown away by the wind

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Winter Wheat

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wheat grown in kansas, colorado, and oklahoma. the wheat crop is planted in the autumn and develops a strong root system before growth stops in the winter. Survives during the winter under a blanket of snow, and is ripe at the beginning of the summer

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What are the two types of cultivation? What is the difference?

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Vegetative Planting and Seed Agriculturem vegetative planting is a result of the direct cloning of other plants, and seed agriculture is a result of sexual fertilzation

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Who came up with the ideas of cultivations beginnings and has had a heavy hand in human geographical agricultural theory?

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Carl Sauer

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Where is vegetative planting prevalent and where did it originate?

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It originated in Southeast Asia, and is also prevalent in West Africa and South America

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What were the three hearths for Seed Agriculture in the Eastern Hemisphere? Where did it diffuse?

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western India, northern China, and Ethiopia. to southwest Asia

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What were two independent hearts of seed agriculture?

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Southern Mexico and Peru

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What are the five differences between subsistence and commericial agriculture?

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The purpose of farming (either for profit or survival), the percentage of farmers it involves in the labor force, the use of machinery, Farm Size and the relationship of farming to other businesses

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Who made the most widely used map of agricultural regions? What is the breakdown of the map?

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Derwent Whittlesey. It is divided into 11 regions, 5 for LDCs and 6 for MDCs

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What are the four types of agricultural regions for LDCs?

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Shifting Cultivation, Pastoral Nomadism, Intensive Subsistence Agriculture,

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What are the kinds of agricultural regions of MDCS?

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Mixed crop and livestock farming, Dairy Farming, Grain Farming, Livestock Ranching, Mediterranean Agriculture

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Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

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France to Russia, US West of the appalachians, Wet Crop and rotation systems (to maintain fertility of fields), corn is the most used and most profitable, a lot of produce is fed to animals and not consumed by humans

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Dairy Farming

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In Northwest US and Northwest Europe. Located near urban areas because of spoilage (Milk shed) - the farther from an urban area, the less milk a farm produces and focuses on other dairy products. Farms located farther from urban areas most likely to use dairy to make butter, cheese, or dried, evaporated, or condensed milk, sell milk to wholesalers, labor intensive, have to feed cows in winter, when they can't graze

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Grain Farming

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Midwest U.S. and Canada, Spring Wheat and Winter wheat, needs extensive technology

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Livestock Ranching

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Cattle (US, South America, Russia and India), Sheep (Europe, Australia, Southwest Asia, and South Africa), Goat (China and Indonesia)

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Meditteranean Agriculture

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Prevalent in Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, California, and Chile. Crops grown for human consumption and not animal feed. Horticulture is the basis of this farming, olives, grapes, wheat. California does citrus fruits, tree nuts, and deciduous fruits

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What two economic factors influence commercial farmers?

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Access to markets and overproduction

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Who wrote the isolated state?

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Johann heinrich von thunen

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What did the Von Thunen model propose?

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in 1826 he proposed that a commercial farmer initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location - the cost of land v the cost of transporting products to market

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What are examples of farmers moving to sustainable agriculture? And why are they doing so?

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Organic farming, sensitive land management, and limited use of chemicals, done because of the growing popularity of protecting the environment

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What are challenges for substance farmers?

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Population increases faster than food production can keep up, and they lack the money to purchase equipment from MDCs that would increase food production

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What are some ways of increasing the food supply?

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Expanding the amount of land used (though it can be environmentally detrimental), higher productivity (via the use of new technology and the green revolution) and indentifying new found resources

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