Adolescent 4 – Flashcards
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bio-psycho-social approach
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biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop.
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biological factors
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genetics, hormones (depression/emerging sexual interest), & the brain
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psychological factors
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personality, identity, self-control, decision-making
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social factors
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family, peers, the people you spend time with, school, socioeconomic status, poverty, neighborhoods, society, parent-adolescent conflict, inadequate monitoring of adolescents
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individuals with low conscientiousness are more likely to
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have substance abuse and conduct problems
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developmental psychopathology approach
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the study of the development of psychological disorders;
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developmental cascades
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connections across domains over time; influence developmental pathways and outcomes
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internalizing problems
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-problems that affect a person's internal world. -depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
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externalizing problems
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problems that affect a person's external world (*observable*) -conduct disorder, attention deficit, delinquency, & fighting
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characteristics of problems
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-young adolescents= fighting -older adolescents= truancy & depression -vary in severity -gender differences -SES background= observed more in lower SES (boys) -unhappiness, sadness, depression, & poor school performance -unmarried, separated or divorced parents -ineffective parenting or parents with mental disorders
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encouraging youth to be positive: external assets
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support, empowerment, boundaries, & constructive use of time
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encouraging youth to be positive: internal assets
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commitment, positive values, social competencies, & positive identity
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stress
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how individuals respond to circumstances and events that threaten them and tax their coping abilities
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daily factors of stress
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major life changes, boring/tense jobs, stress in relationships, worrying, & being lonely
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sociocultural factors of stress
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*females*= tend and befriend -more stress with relationships=more active coping skills *males*= fight or flight
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acculturative stress
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the negative consequences that result from contact between two distinctive cultural groups
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coping
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managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, & seeking to master or reduce stress
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problem-focused coping
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squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them
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emotion-focused coping
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responding to stress in an emotional manner - avoiding the problem
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resilience
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bounce back; the tendency to recover quickly from setbacks, shock, injuries, adversity, & stress while maintaining a mission and organizational focus.
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resilience: individual factors
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intelligence
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resilience: family factors
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close relationships with family
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resilience: extrafamilial factors
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bonds with other adults (teachers, coaches, mentors, etc.)
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the more (resilience) factors an individual has
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the higher their resiliency will be.
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trends in drug (& alcohol) use: increase
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1960s-1970s, 2009-2010 (marijuana use)
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trends in drug use: decrease
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1990s-early part of the 21st century (increase in perceived dangers)
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most widely used illicit drug
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marijuana
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sex difference in binge drinking
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more males than females engage in binge drinking
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higher levels of alcohol use have been consistently link to
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higher rates of sexual risk taking, such as engaging in casual sex, sex without contraceptives, & sexual assaults
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risk factors in adolescents & emerging adults abuse of alcohol
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heredity, family influences, peer relations, certain personality & motivational characteristics
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hallucinogens (psychedelic drugs)
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drugs that modify an individual's perceptual experiences
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hallucinogens: LSD
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-popular in the 1960s-1970s, but declined by mid 1970s due to publication of its unpredictable effects -increased in the 1990s, but decreased since
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hallucinogens: marijuana
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-impairs attention and memory -not conducive to optimal school performance -use by adolescents decreased in the 1980s, but increased from 2008-2010 due to less perceived danger associated with its use
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stimulants
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drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system
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most widely used stimulants are
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caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, & cocaine
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stimulants: cigarette smoking
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-the substance most frequently used on a daily basis by high school seniors since 1975 -one of the most serious yet preventable health problems -peer group especially plays an important role -decreasing among adolescents since the mid 1990s due to an increase in perceived danger, less acceptance of it, prefer not to date those that do
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stimulants: cigarette smoking: genetic damage
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-use in the adolescent years causes permanent genetic changes in the lungs & forever increases the risk of lung cancer -early age of onset of smoking was more important in predicting genetic damage than how heavily the individuals smoked
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stimulants: cocaine
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use in the last 30 days by high school seniors has dropped from a peak in 1985; a growing percentage of high school students are reaching the conclusion that use entails considerable unpredictable risk
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stimulants: amphetamines
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widely prescribed stimulants, sometimes appearing in the form of diet pills; use among high school seniors has decreased significantly
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40% of today's females have tried using
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diet pills by the time they graduate from high school
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stimulants: ecstasy
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the synthetic drug MDMA which has stimulant and hallucinogenic effects -use by adolescents began in the 1980s & then peaked in 2000-2001 -increase in use occurred in 2010 - today's youth have heard less about the dangers than their predecessors
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depressants
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drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, & behavior -use by high school seniors have decreased since 1975
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depressants: barbiturates
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depressant drugs that induce sleep or reduce anxiety
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most widely used depressants
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alcohol, barbiturates, & tranquilizers
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depressants: opiates
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a depressant that consist of opium and its derivatives; depress the activity of the central nervous system -used less often than other depressants, but are especially dangerous and most physically addictive drugs -commonly known as narcotics
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opium poppy is used to produce other drugs such as
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morphine & heroin
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depressants: prescription painkillers
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-alarming trend has recently emerged in adolescents' use -convenient= many adolescents cite the medicine cabinets of their parents or friends' parents as their main source -18% of adolescents had used vicodin at some point in their lifetime, whereas 10% had used oxycontin
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inhalants
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ordinary household products that are inhaled or sniffed to get high -include model airplane glue, nail polish remover, and cleaning fluids -short-term use can cause intoxicating effects -long-term use can lead to heart failure and even death -use is higher among younger than older adolescents -use has decreased in the 21st century
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early substance use
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more likely to become dependent (addicts)
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lower drug use in adolescents is linked to
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-parents, peers, & schools -positive relationships with parents and others -parental monitoring is linked with a lower incidence
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tolerance
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the amount your body requires of a substance to have a response/high; the more you use, the more you will need to get a high
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major depressive disorder
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an individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for *at least two weeks or longer* and daily functioning becomes impaired - 1.5-2.5% in school-age children - 15-20% for adolescents -by about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is twice that of adolescent males
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depression often goes
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undiagnosed in adolescents (parents, teachers, and other observers may see these behaviors as simply transitory and reflecting normal adolescent behaviors and thoughts)
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family factors involved in adolescent depression
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inept parenting, parent-adolescent conflict, low parental support, mother-daughter co-rumination, exposure to maternal depression
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other factors involved in adolescent depression
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not having a close relationship with a best friend, having less contact with friends, & being rejected by peers
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depression is linked to an increase in
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suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in adolescence
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suicidal behavior
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-rare in childhood but escalates in adolescence & then increases further in emerging adulthood
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suicide
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the third-leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States - rates have declined in the recent years
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suicide: gender differences
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-more adolescents contemplate or attempt suicide than actually succeed in committing suicide -females were more likely to attempt suicide than males, but males were more likely to succeed in committing suicide -in emerging adulthood, males are 6x more likely to commit suicide as females -males use more lethal means
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suicide: ethnic differences
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-suicide accounts for almost 20% of Native American/Alaska Native deaths in 15- to 19-year-olds (risk factor is their elevated rate alcohol abuse) -African American and non-Latino white males have the lowest incidence of suicide attempts
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suicide: factors that are involved
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overweight middle school students, preteen alcohol use (while depressed), depressive symptoms (hopelessness), suicidal ideation, family background of suicidal behavior, a history of family instability and unhappiness, parental loss, escalating stress, peer relations, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or sexual victimization -both early and later experiences may be involved -depression is the most frequently cited factor associated
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juvenile delinquency
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a broad range of behaviors, from socially unacceptable behavior, to status offenses, to criminal acts
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status offenses
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criminal acts
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index offenses
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running away, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, uncontrollability
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conduct disorder
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*externalized disorder* a repetitive & persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of 3 or more criteria, disturbance in behavior causes impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning, & criteria are *not* met for antisocial personality disorder -typically used for diagnosis of adolescents -has to be long-lasting, not a phase
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conduct disorder criteria categories
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1) aggression to people and animals 2) destruction of property 3) deceitfulness or theft 4) serious violations of rules
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conduct disorder: childhood onset vulnerabilities
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at least one criterion prior to age 10 -decreased IQ -different temperament -insecure/disorganized/disoriented attachment -genetic component -excessive temper tantrums / rule breaking -lack of empathy -support from other aggressive children
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conduct disorder: adolescent onset vulnerabilities
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absence of any criteria before age 10 -delinquent friends, hanging out with the wrong crowd -antisocial family
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conduct disorder: characteristics
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lower self-esteem, drug & alcohol use, & *little guilt or remorse*
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conduct disorder: believed causes
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biological, genetic, environmental, psychological, social
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disorders: order of severity
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1) antisocial personality disorder (most) 2) conduct disorder 3) opposition defiant disorder
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oppositional defiant disorder
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*externalized disorder* -a pattern of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive behavior -behavior lasting *at least 6 months*, during which *four (or more)* criteria are present -the disturbance in behavior causes significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning -the behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic or mood disorder -criteria are not met for conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder
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if oppositional defiant disorder if left untreated
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it could lead to conduct disorder
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oppositional defiant behavior: causes, diagnosis, & treatment
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-unknown -no lab test, look at history, identify symptoms, & a psych evaluation is done -behavioral/cognitive treatments, parent training, no meds are used (only for symptoms)
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oppositional defiant behavior: gender differences
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more common in boys for younger children, but equal in adolescents
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anorexia nervosa
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-females must meet all 4 criteria to be classified with this disorder, males must only meet 3 criteria. -90-95% female 1) a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age & height 2) intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight 3) disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight 4) in female, amenorrhea (the absence of at least three consecutive periods
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anorexia nervosa: causes
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social factors, media, genetics, family relationships
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anorexia nervosa: onset
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-teen years, most likely start time is early adolescence -early adulthood
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anorexia nervosa: type of people it most commonly affects
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white women that are high achievers, goal-oriented families & personalities
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anorexia nervosa: consequences/ side effects
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layer of body hair (t0 protect the body), bone weakening, anemia, dry skin, brittle nails & hair, hair loss (on head), depression, & brain attrition
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anorexia nervosa: treatment
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-accepting there is a problem -try to find the core/cause -therapy= behavioral, cognitive, behavioral-cognitive, group, family -medication for depression
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anorexia nervosa: treatment goals
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restore normal body weight, restore eating habits, & cut down exercise (if it's excessive)
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anorexia nervosa: restricting type
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during the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior
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anorexia nervosa: binge-eating/purging type
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during the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (vomiting or misuse of laxative, diuretics, or enemas)
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anorexia nervosa: lifelong problems
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-may be in control at first, but then the disease takes control -10% die due to organ failure -over time, the lack of nutrition attacks the body & shrinks the brain
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bulimia nervosa
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eating disorder characterized by the following: 1) recurrent episodes of binge-eating (eating in a discrete period of time, lack of control, over eating) 2) recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain (vomiting or misuse of laxative, diuretics, enemas, medications, fasting, excessive exercise) 3) the binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months 4) self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight 5) the disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
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purging type
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2/3 of people with bulimia nervosa are this type
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bulimia nervosa: medical consequences
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-hypertension -electrolyte imbalance -acid reflux -swollen salivary glands -tooth decay (behind teeth) -blisters/calluses on fingers (from acid) -rashes -tears in esophagus
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bulimia nervosa: onset
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most likely to occur in later adolescence/early college years; long term illness, always at risk
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the four problems that affect the most adolescents
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drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, & school-related problems
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factors involved in eating disorders
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negative view of your body image, bad parenting habits, high sexual activity, & role models in the media
