addictions – Flashcards
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Which of the following are pharmacological factors that help us to understand the drug experience?
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The route of drug administration
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___________ refers to the general occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms of percentage of some population.
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Prevelance
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Which of the following is true about the diagnosis of substance use disorder in DSM-V?
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There is no longer a distinction made between dependence and abuse of a given substance
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If _____________ to a drug develops, the idividual must consume increasing amounts of it to achieve a desired drug effect?
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Tolerance
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The ________ hypothesis is that one result of repeated use of a drug ni interaction with environmental factors is changes in the brain neural pathways that may heighten the reward value of the drug
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sensitization
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According to the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, ________
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men were more likely than women to report illict drug use in the past month
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What did physicians in the mid-1800's refer to as "God's Own Medicine"
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opium
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What was the "soldier disease" in the Civil War?
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Morphine addiction
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Dr. Timothy Leary, one of the chief proponents of LSD use, was _________ when he began to use the drug
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a Harvard psychologist
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The Pure Food and Drug Fact _________
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forced the producers of medicines to indicate on the packaging the amount of drug contained therein
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The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act ____
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all of these
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Marijuana is a ________ drug
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Schedule 1
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Cocaine is a ________ drug
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Schedule 1
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The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 _______
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gives judges more leeway in considering mitigating factors during sentences
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"Bath Salts" are synthesized from various _______ like chemicals
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amphetamine
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A major thrust of the early Federal Bureau of Narcotics was its attempt to eradicate the use of ________
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marijuana
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The space between neurons is the _______
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synapse
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Neurotransmitters are released from the _______
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axon terminal
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Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter
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all of these are neurotransmitters
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The system that "filters" blood before it enters the brain is called the _________
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blood-brain barrier
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Recent research on adult neurogenesis has focused on the _______
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hippo campus
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The branch of the automatic nervous system that is activated during emotional arousal is the _________
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sympathetic branch
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The brain structure that controls primary drives like hunger and thirst is the ________
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hypothalamus
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Which of the following is often referred to as the pleasure center?
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mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
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The brain structure thought to be critical to the storage of memories is the ________
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hippo campus
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Phineas Gage damaged his frontal lobe in a freak accident. What problem did he experience after his injury?
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He could no longer control his emotions or impulses
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The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple componetnts waste is known as _________
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metabolism
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_________ is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, bio transformation, and excretion of drugs.
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pharmacokinetics
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A drug's dose is computed according to the a person's
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body weight
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_________ is the stufy of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
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pharmacodynamics
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Which of the following is not an advantage of the oral route of drug administration?
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it has the quickest rate of absorption
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When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach ad are absorbed in the ______
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large intestine
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The presence of food in the stomach _________ absorption and ___________ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs
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delays; increases
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Which of the following results has not been sen in needle exchange programs?
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an increase in IV drug use
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A drug that is taken sublingually is _______
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placed under the tongue
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The _________ is the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites
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kidney
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Which of the following is not a way in which drugs are excreted from the body?
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in mothers milk
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Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to a drugs effects are thought to be determined by ________
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experiences
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A specified dose of drug administeed to a man and women on average will have greater effects on the women. This is because of differences in __________
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body fat
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The phenomenon of _______ occurs when repeated administration of a drug results in reduced response to that drug.
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tolerance
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_________ means a state of equilibrium or balance.
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Potentiation
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Which of the following are examples of conditioned stimuli associated with substance abuse?
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all of these
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A drugs ________ name indicated the drugs structural formula.
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chemical
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Which of the following is true regarding a drugs generic name?
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it is a shortened version of a drugs chemical name
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What is the first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of drug?
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belief that a particular compound has clinical value
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Which of the following is true of generic drugs?
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they can be sold after a bran name drug has been on the market for 20 years
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The major current medical use for a cocaine is as a _______
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local anesthetic
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Amphetamines have been put to many medical uses. Which of the following is not one of them?
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treatment if anxiety
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What drug is contained in crack?
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cocaine
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Many states now control cold medicine that contains pseudo ephedrine. What is the reason for this?
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pseudo ephedrine is an ingredient used to make meth
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Which of the following are side effects of methamphetamine abuse;
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all of these
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The stimulants known as "bath salts" are synthetic analogues of a compound found in the _____ plant
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khat
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Both cocaine and the amphetamines_______
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block reuptake of dominance
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Cocaine and the amphetamine cause ______
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decreased appetite
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__________ is a disorder that usually develops in childhood and is characterized by poor school performance, inattention, fidgeting and restlessness
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ADHD
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Which of the followings are side effects noted in children treated for ADHD with stimulant drugs?
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all of these
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The main reason humans consume tobacco is for its ______ content
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nicotine
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Which of the following is true of nicotine?
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all of these
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How do must smokers quit?
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on their own
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________ smoking is the most toxic way to smoke tobacco
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cigarette
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Nicotine has ________ like effects
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acetylcholine
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How long does it take t develop the first signs of nicotine tolerance?
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the first time smoking
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The major organs responsible metabolizing nicotine is the ______
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liver
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The most frequently reported nicotine withdrawl symptom is
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nicotine craving
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Nicotine has been shown to have ______ effects
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both calming and stimulating
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__________ is a disease in which the lungs air spaces are abnormally diluted and the lungs walls are dis intended
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emphysema
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Which of the following contains the hghest concentration of caffeine?
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brewed coffee
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Which popular soft drink contains the highest concentration of caffeine?
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mountain dew
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Citizens of ________ are the worls top coffee consumers
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Scandinavian countries
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In the US, caffeine is most often consumed in the form of ________
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coffee
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Peak levels of caffeine after taking a dose occur in _______
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15-45 mins
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After consumptioj, the concentration of caffeine is ____
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similar throughout the body
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The most commonly reported symptom of withdrawal from caffeine is _____
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headaches
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Withdrawal from caffeine lasts about ____
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one week
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Caffeine is exreated from the body mainly ______
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by the kidneys
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Individuals who suffer from _______ should be careful when using caffeine
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anxiety
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Which neurotransmitter receptors does alcohol affect?
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all of these
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Which of the following would not lead to a slower absorption of alcohol?
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drinking carbonated rather than non-carbonated alcoholic beverages
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The legal level of intoxication in all 50 US states is a BAC of ______
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.08
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Over 90% of the alcohol that is absorbed is metabolized by the body, mainly in the _______
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liver
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With blackouts, the individuals _______
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cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking session
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The most effective cures for a hangover is ________
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time
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Mixing alcohol and ______ is a commo method of intended and unintended suicides
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Benzodiazepines
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Korsakoff's syndrome ________
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involves damage to the brain structure
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________is the earliest, most nemign effect of alcohols effect on the liver
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Fatty liver
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A standard drink is defined as _______ of alcohol
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1/2 ounce
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Which of the following is a major risk associated with the intravenous use of heroin?
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Both infection and overdose
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A heroin overdose can be treated with ______
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Narcane
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What is the main difference between morphine and heroin?
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heroin more readily penetrates the blood brain barrier
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Opiate drugs act by mimicking which neurotransmitter system?
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endorphin
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The major medical use of opiate drugs is treatment of ______
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sever pain
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Endorphin release is produced by ______
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all of these
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________ is a partial opiate agonist that is becoming popular as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opiate addiction
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buprenorphine
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Combinations of heroin and what other drugs would result in synergy?
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alcohol
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Which of the following are symptoms of opioid withdrawal?
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all of these
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The recovery of many Vietnam veterans from heroin addictions reveals that ______
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environment7 has much to do with recovery
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The primary psychoactive agent in marijuana is _____
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THC
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A ______ is a cigar that us emptied of tobacco and refilled wit marijuana
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blunt
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Marijuana cigarettes contain _____
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more tar than tobacco cigarettes
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Almost all marijuana smokers eventually enter a stage of ____
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relaxation
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Cannabis has been viewed as medical treatment for ______
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glaucoma
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Marijuana affects which of the following neurotransmitters?
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all of the above
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The most rapid and efficient absorption occurs through ______. The drug effects following ______ last approximately 2-4 hours
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smoking; smoking
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Which of the following has not been identified as a possible explanation for marijuana's effect on short-term memory?
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the user is not motivated to attend to or retrieve material
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Research has clearly shown that marijuana us results in irreversible, long term damage to the ____
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none of these
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The most commonly reported physiological effect of marijuana is ______
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blood shot eyes
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Which statement is true for all hallucinogens?
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they alter perception and states of consciousness
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Which of the following drugs comes from a mushroom?
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psilocybin
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Which of the following is a synthetic hallucinogen?
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LSD
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LSD is thought to act in the brain by influencing _____
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serotonin
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Which of the following drugs has been claimed by some to be effective adjuncts to psychotherapy?
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both LSD and MDMA
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Persisting LSD flashbacks can be treated by
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benxodiazepines
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Which of the following is true of MDMA?
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it has been associated with brain damage in nonhumans and heatstroke and heart attacks have occurred with overdose
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Which of the following are anesthetic hallucinogens?
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ketamine
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A sudden reoccurrence of a hallucinogenic experience is a _____
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flashback
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______ has been found to reduce anxiety and depression in advanced cancer patients
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psilocybin
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Distortions of reality, profoundly blunted mood, and hallucinations are all symptoms of ____
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schizophrenia
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The most common method of drug classification in psychiatry is by _____
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therapeutic usage
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Tardive dyskenesia is most characterized by ___
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repetitive
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Depression is believed to result from deficiencies of ___
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serotonin and catecholamines
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A drug that reduces anxiety is called an ____
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anxiolytic
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A drug that induces sleep is called a ____ drug
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sedative
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Which of the following is a benzodiazepine tranquilizer?
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all of these
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Which of the following is true of depressant drugs?
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all of these
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One unusual feature of the withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines is that ______
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they may not appear for several days after quitting
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A common name for flunitrazepam is _____
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roofies
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A drug that does not require a prescription to purchase is called a ______
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over-counter drug
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Over-the-counter drugs are regulated by the ____
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FDA
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Before meeting FDA approval, over-the-counter drugs must be ______
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generally recognized as safe and effective
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Which of the following is likely to be found in over-the-counter cold remedies?
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all of these
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_______ is an ingredient in cough suppressants that can produce hallucinogenic effects in high doses
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dextromethorphan
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The major ingredient in most over-the-counter sleeping pills is ____
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anithistamines
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What hormone is available as an OTC compound to treat insomnia?
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melatonin
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Which of the following has become associated with date rape?
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GHB
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Which of the following is true of GHB?
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all of these
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Use of inhalants is often called:
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huffing
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According to the stages of change model, individuals in the _______ stage often have not acknowledged a problem
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precontemplation
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More people resolve their substance abuse problems through _____
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spontaneous
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In AA, the beginning of recovery occurs when the alcoholic _____
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recognizes powerlessness over alcohol
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_______ what is typically the first step in the substance abuse treatment process?
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assessment
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A needle exchange program would be an example of the _______ approach to substance abuse
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harm reduction
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________ involves the medical management of alcohol withdrawal
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detoxification
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Halfway houses are an example of a _____
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intermediate setting
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________ is a opiate antagonist that may help in recovery from alcohol dependence
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altrexone
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______ is a non-medical treatment for alcohol use disorders in which verbal psychotherapy is used to encourage the individual to move forward in the stages of changing alcohol-use patterns
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motivational enhancement
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Why is methadone used in the treatment of heroin abuse?
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because it blocks the addicts craving for heroin
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Where are alcohol prevention efforts most likely to be effective?
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elementary school
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Young children turn primarily to their _______ when looking for models of appropriate behavior
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parents
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When are students most likely to response to smoking education programs?
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6th grade
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Which of the following is not true of mas media prevention strategies?
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they produce significant changes in attitudes
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The most widely used resistance-oriented prevention program is ______
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DARE
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Which of the following is not an advantage of workplace prevention programs?
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confidentiality
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Estimates are that around _______% of college student drinkers can be considered heavy drinkers
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40
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_____ programs are examples of work-site prevention programs
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EAP
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Which of the following is not true of mass media prevention strategies?
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they produce significant changes in attitudes
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What % of college students report having experienced alcohol-related academic problems?
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25
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