Activities For Child Development Essay Example

distinct stages of development influenced by unconscious sexual desires. This stage concludes when the child reaches adulthood (Benson, 2012). In contrast, Erikson's theory emphasizes the role of social connections in development and describes the developmental tasks as psychosocial stages. It encompasses human development from birth to old age. Vygotsky's theory prioritizes the significance of social relationships in development, depicting children as beginners who are guided by their parents through developmental tasks (Benson, 2012). The stages of child development include infancy, which spans from birth to the age of two.

The stage of fastest growth throughout the lifespan is early childhood, during which children develop from being helpless, impulsive babies to toddlers who can communicate and reason (Feldman, 2016). Physical milestones in this period include rolling over, crawling, sitting, and walking. However, fine motor skills take longer to develop, so babies at this stage are unable to write or create detailed drawings. Cognitive milestones during early childhood include problem solving and increased sensory awareness and understanding (Feldman, 2016). Social milestones include the development of self-awareness, where children before the age of one do not comprehend that they are separate from their mothers or caregivers (Bukatko ; Daehler, 2012). This stage is also referred to as early childhood and spans from two to six years old. During this time, there is a physical change where the center of gravity shifts from the breastbone to the belly button (Bukatko ; Daehler, 2012). However, physical growth during this stage is slower compared to the rapid expansion seen in infancy.

During this stage, children make significant advancements in both their fine and gross motor skills (Bukatko ; Daehler, 2012). They can participate

in activities like running, jumping, climbing, and balancing. Their fine motor abilities improve to the extent that they can write letters and create intricate drawings. Additionally, there is a noticeable increase in cognitive processing speed which aids in thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and language mastery. In terms of social development, children begin to comprehend their own emotions as well as those of others. When it comes to selecting playmates during this phase, early companions are chosen based on availability (Bukatko ; Daehler, 2012).

In the middle childhood stage, which spans from ages six to twelve years, physical growth is still occurring. This includes rapid increases in height and weight. Additionally, there is continuous development in fine and gross motor skills, making the child stronger and faster. This period is often referred to as the school years, with a primary focus on traditional education (Bukatko ; Daehler, 2012).

Cognitive development during this stage involves enhanced communication between both hemispheres of the brain. This allows for logical reasoning and more efficient problem-solving. Advanced math techniques are learned, and increased participation in competitive team sports is common (Feldman, 2016).

During childhood, it is essential for parents to closely supervise their children as they prepare for independence. Learning is crucial in developing self-discipline and making healthy choices, even though it may be challenging. Parents should provide praise and encouragement for achievements while also allowing their children to face the natural consequences of their behavior. Giving logical consequences can further aid children in learning from their mistakes (Benson, 2012).

The teenage years (ages thirteen to nineteen) bring about significant physical changes and a strong desire for independence. Peer bullying becomes prevalent during this time, and

teenagers often display aggressive behavior while being self-conscious. They may experience feelings of self-doubt, overconfidence, and moodiness. However, this period also presents an opportunity for teenagers to define themselves and make realistic decisions about their future. They possess advanced skills that prepare them for college and job training programs along with the chance to refine talents, enhance social skills, and engage in more serious relationships (Feldman, 2016).

Parental support becomes even more vital as peer pressure intensifies during this stage. Parents can easily encourage their children's participation in extracurricular and community activities (Feldman, 2016).

Summary:

The text discusses child development from birth until puberty, encompassing psychological, innate, and adaptive changes. It categorizes the developmental stages as newborn, toddler, school-age, and adolescent. Parental guidance and other factors influence child development pace, with parents playing a key role in their child's socialization and overall growth. The theories of Sigmund Freud, Lev Vygotsky, and Erik Erikson are employed to explain child development.

The responsibility for the well-being and overall development of children, encompassing social, moral, and physical aspects, lies with parents (Benson, 2012).

The book "Child development: A thematic approach" by Bukatko, D., and Daehler, M. W. was published in 2012 in Belmont, CA by Wadsworth.

Feldman, R. S. (2016). Child development