Abnormal psychology test 1 – Flashcards
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it is a catch all for something abnormal and fills the question for why
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what is the term crazy used for
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they are escaping the definition of normal
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when people say there is no such thing as normal what are they doing
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1. we dont know how to define it 2. we are scared to define it
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why do people escape the definition of normal
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the bell curve
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What is normal
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1. cultural relativism 2. unusalness of behavior 3. distress 4. mental ilness
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what were the past criteria for normal and abnormal
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what states that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms and that there is no universal standards or rules labeling a behavior as normal
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how does cultural relativism define normality
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by saying this this means we cant help people with mental disorders because it is normal (ex. gender roles)
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when saying that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms how does this effect people with mental disorders
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this asks if the behavior is rare. it depends part on the norms for that behavior in a culture
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what is the criteria for normality with the unsualness of behavior
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the behavior is only abnormal if the individual suffers. Some object this because people are not always aware of problems i.e. addiction
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what is the criteria for normality with distress
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this implies that there is a disease process. Yet, there is no medical test that identifies "mental illness".
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what is the criteria for normality with mental illness
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it is a label for a set of defined sympotms
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what is a psychological diagnosis
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1. frequency 2. function 3. feeling pain 4. fatal
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what are the four F's of abnormality
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this is associated with the bell curve. Abnormality isn't a different bizarre behavior but it is how frequent the behavior is.
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what is frequency
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curve, behavior, amount of time (each including the previous category)
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what are the ABC's of frequency
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it is when the frequency of a behavior begins effecting daily life
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what is funtion
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it is when the frequency of a behavior that effects daily life becomes painful mentally or emotionally to someon
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what is feeling pain
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this is when a behavior effects daily life that it becomes so painful someone rather die than deal with it
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what is fatal
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they do with it
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how people understand abnormality affects what
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stone age,touching heads, biological, medieval views, and supernatural
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what are some ancient theories about abnormality
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they thought it was due to spirit possession
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How did the stone age understand abnormality
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they would drill into skull to let the spirits out (trephination)
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How did the stone age dealt with abnormality
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in 5th century B.C. they thought mental illness was due to a biological problem
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How did the biological problem understand abnormality
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he argued that deviant behavior was a result of physical cuases
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How did Hippocrates understand abnormality
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what is the view that deviant behavior occurs because of disease in the body
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what is Somatogenesis
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he thought cognitive functioning could be restored by balancing the 4 humors in the body
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How did Hippocrates deal with abnormality
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blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm
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what are the 4 humors in the body
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they thought that heads have different bumps in different locations that correlate to certain areas and issues
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How did touching heads view/deal with abnormality
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what is the thought that heads have different bumps in different locations that correlate to certain areas and issues
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define phrenology
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they thought it was due to witch craft and psychic epidemics
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what were the medieval views with abnormality
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they thought the ill person was cursed and the witch had to be killed to release the person from the illness
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How did the medieval views deal with abnormality
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they thought that demonic possessions took over the ill person
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How did supernatural view abnormality
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they would perform an exorcism
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how did supernatural deal with abnormality
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this showed the dichotomy of science and religion in the court of law
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what is the importance of the movie of The Exorcism of Emily Rose
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biological, psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive
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what are some of the modern perspectives on abnormality
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1. molecular (genetics biology) 2. Individualized (thoughts affect behavior) 3. relational (families, romantic partners) 4. cultural (society normality ex. gender roles, ethnicity, and nationality)
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psychopathology is dynamic so list the parts that make it dynamic
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psychiatrist, clinical and social workers, psychiatric nurses, licensed mental health counselors, marriage and family councilor
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what are some professions within abnormal psychology
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it is a clinical and counseling psychologist
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what is a Ph.D
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it is a clinical and counseling "doctors of psychology"
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what is a Psy.D
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it is a psychiatrist
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what is a M.D.
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it is the diathesis (nature) and stress (nurture) idea of how a disorder is developed
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what is the diathesis-stress model
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the biological factor includes genes, brain, biochemistry the social factor includes the upbringing the psychoogical factor includes the unconscious
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what is the aspects of the diathesis (nature) part
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the biological trigger includes toxins and disease the social trigger includes a traumatic event the psychological trigger includes a perceived loss of control or a violation of trust
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what is the aspects of the stress (nurture) part
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diathesis is more about genetics and the unconscious feelings about a situation the stress is usually an outside force
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what is the difference of diathesis and stress
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what is a united, organizing and guiding approach found within a discipline
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define theory
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he was a railroad worker, a rod was shot up through his skull and he lived. After the accident he was a completely different person, we learned about localization and plasticity, he correlates to the biological theory specifically brain structure
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What was Phineas Gage's story, what did we learn from him, and what theory does he correlate to
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the brain has different parts that regulate specific things
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what is localization
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what is something that effects one part of the brain the brain has the power to mold and adapt to compensate
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what is plasticity
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it is the site of executive functioning (thinking and personality)
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Parts of the brain: frontal lobe
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it is the site of hearing and understanding speech
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Parts of the brain: temporal lobe
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it is the site for sensations
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Parts of the brain: parietal lobe
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it is the site for vision
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Parts of the brain: occipital lobe
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it is the site for balance and movement
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Parts of the brain: cerebellum
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it is the site that transmits information to the body and back to the brain
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Parts of the brain: Spinal cord
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dendrites cell body axon axon terminal buttons synapse
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what are the parts (in order) of a neuron
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what are chemical messengers
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what are neurotransmitters
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they bind to dendritic receptor sites on another neuron
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how do neurotransmitters work
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what happens when a neurotransmitter is taken back into the pre synaptic cell
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define reuptake
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what is a Selective Serotonin Re uptake Inhibitor
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what is an SSRI
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what happens when an enzyme breaks down a neurotransmitter before it can make it to the dendrites or before re-uptake occurs
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define degradation
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what is the biological component that informs cells and contains inherited information
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define gene
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some genes may carry information that influences development or on set of some diseases
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What do some genes do
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1. parmacotherapy (medicine) 2. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 3. psychosurgery (cutting the brain)
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what are the biological theories treatments for abnormality
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A guy had seizures, so they cut his corpus collosium (which allows the 2 sides of the brain to communicate). His left and right brains acted independently. To be able to think using both sides of his brain it had to be written out on paper
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What is the example where someone had their brain cut as a treatment for abnormality
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psychodynamic and interpersonal and behavioral theories
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What are the psychological approaches to abnormality
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what is a view where abnormality is viewed by being influenced by unconscious processes. people develop strategies for relating to the world, which aid in their own protection or defense
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how does psychodynamic and interpersonal view abnormality
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Sigmund Freud
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Who is the father of psychodynamic and interpersonal theory
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id: the primal instincts ego: tries to satisfy both id and superego and is actually how you behave superego: decides what is right and what is wrong and wants to act on the right these are always in constant fight inside a person
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What was Freud's view on unconscious processes
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1. denial: refuse to admit something is going on 2. regression: act like a child 3. repression: you push it away and try not to think about it (unconciously) 4. fixation: you can only think about that thing 5. reaction formation: instead on acting on the emotions you have you deal with them in a differnt way 6. projection: getting angry at someone for something you do 7. displacement: placing emotions on others who did nothing wrong 8. suppression: 9.un-doing attempt to take back a bad behavior 10. sublimation:channeling of unacceptable impulses
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what are the defense mechanims
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classical conditioning operant conditioning social learning
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what are the behavioral theories of abnormality
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it is learning via association this is seen by Pavlov and his dogs
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what is classical conditioning and who is associated with this behavioral theory
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it is learning via consequence this is seen by Skinner
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what is operant conditioning and who is associated with this behavioral theory
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it is learning via consequence of others this is seen the the BoBo doll and aggression in kids after seeing their parents react with the doll
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what is social learning and who is associated with this behavioral theory
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what focuses on identifying the reinforcement and punishments by contributing to a person's maladaptive behaviors and changing specific behaviors
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What does behavioral therapies focus on
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what is the behavioral assessment of the client's problem
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what is found actions for behavioral therapy
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relaxation exercises: controls anxiety desensitization: relaxation and exposure to adverse stimuli aversion: creates reinforcing behaviors no longer reinforcing
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what are some techniques for behavior change
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what assumes that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life
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What are the humanistic approaches to abnormality
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He created the hierarchy of needs and at the top is self actualization. He believes that humans want to reach self-actualization and it can be reached.
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what is Abraham Maslow's humanistic approach to abnormality
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Carl Rogers 1951
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In humanistic therapy who created the client-centered therapy and when
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1. genuineness 2. unconditional positive regard 3. empathetic understanding
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what are the three things client-centered therapy entail
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being yourself enforces the client to try to have the same level of self actualization you have
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In the client- centered therapy why is genuineness important
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being proud of them is a way to encourage their pursuit of self actualization
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in the client-centered therapy why is unconditional positive regard important
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this prevents person ethics of getting in the way and you can understand why they are upset and sometimes people just want to be understood
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In the client-centered therapy why is empathetic understanding important
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what is understanding why someone is emotional
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define empathy
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what is feeling the same emotions someone else feels
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define sympathy
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what is that cognitions (thoughts or beliefs) shape our behaviors and the emotions we experience. We develop our beliefs about how the world works at an early age
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What does cognitive theories say about abnormality and who is associated with it
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what is where an event leads to an emotion
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what is the common sense model
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what is where an event leads to the meaning someone gives to an event which leads to an emotion
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what is the cognitive model
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i should be loved by everyone for everything i do. once something affects my life itll affect it forever. i must have perfect self control. its better to avoid problems than to face them. i should be terribly upset by certain situations.
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What are some global common dysfunctional assumptions
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they identify and challenge the negative thought and dysfunctional belief system
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what do cognitive therapies do with abnormality
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core belief, intermediate beliefs, and automatic thought
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what is the hierarchy associated with cognitive therapies
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what is that experiences cannot be re-lived, so they discuss the experience that created dysfunction and replace it. it is emotion focused and Gestalt
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what is experimental approaches, what is the main focus and who is associated with it
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what focuses on peoples ability to understand and regulate emotions. This includes regulating, identifying, and expressing them
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what is emotion-focused approach
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happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust and Paul Echman
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what are the recognized emotions and who is associated with it
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what is an emotion used to cover what you really feel
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what is an instrumental emotion
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He said the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Vuntt (professor) and his student Titcher thought that breaking apart the mind was the best way to study it but Gestalt argued that you would miss the big picture of why
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What was Gestalt known for
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completeness
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What to humans yearn for
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1879
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when was the beginning of psychology
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you talk to an empty chair like it is someone you have unfinished business with and you tell them all the things you can't this give a person closure
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what is an empty chair technique
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gender, religion, socioeconomic, class, size, age
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what is multicultural and feminism therapy deal with
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what is where an individuals problems are rooted in interpersonal systems (particularly family). It is where an individual cannot be helped without treating the entire family system that created and maintains the problem
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What is family systems therapy
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what integrates different aspects of all theories into the best individualized treatment for the client
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What is intergrationist therapy
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(MTP) what integrates different aspects of all theories into the best individualized treatment for the client
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define multi theoretical psychotherapy
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1. positive relationship with the client 2. encourages clients to confront painful emotions and hce techniques for helping them become less sensitive to these emotions 3. provide clients with an explanation or interpretation of why they are suffering
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what are the common events in effective treatments
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all are helpful for guiding no theory is proven to be better any therapy is better than none
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which therapy/theory is the best
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who questioned do people exhibit symptoms of psychopathology or are symptoms created by observer
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what did Rosenhan question
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in 1973 8 pseudopatients were recruited and told to go to these 12 hospitals and report hearing voiced that were unfamiliar and in the same sex. All were admitted, once admittance they ceased the reports of voices. 11 were diagnosed with schizophrenia and one was diagnosed with manic depressive psychosis. They stayed 7-52 days the average was 19
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What was Rosenhan's first study
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labels and their stickiness conformation bias staffs lack of interaction with patients patients were inaccurately diagnosed the real patients could tell the pseudopatients apart and patients were able to dump 2,100 pills without being caught
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What problems did Rosenhan's first study bring up
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what means that when given a label the client could hold on to that label and believe it and that the label will follow them around
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what does the term label and their stickiness mean
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what is interpreting behaviors in such a way that they fit the diagnosis you want to give them
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what does the term conformation bias mean
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A doctor at the hospital complained that they were not warned so the study was invalid. So, he told the 12 hospitals that he was going to send some pseudopatients over 3 months. Out of 193 patients assessed, 41 were labeled pseudopatient (by staff), 23 were labeled pseudopatient (by psychiatrist), and 19 were labeled pseudopatient (by both). The researcher sent none.
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What was Rosenhan's second study
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Meehl (1953) found that mechanical methods of data combination out performed clinical methods
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Who explains why we need assessments and how
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what happens when they ask questions and gather information
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What happens in a clinical interview
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how we can tell if a test is good
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define psychometric
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reliability=consistency validity=accuracy standardization=source of comparison
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What are the psychometric properties
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what has discrete response sets, lowers subjectivity, and the answer is right or wrong
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define objective psychological tests
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what does not have discrete response sets, and has more subjectivity
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define projective psychological test
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what is 567 random questions with answers choices of 3 kind "true" "false" and "cant say" developed by Greene in 2000. it assesses personality. at first it was given to people with schizophrenia and to the family members of these people this was an obvious problem. it is objective
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What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and is it objective or projective
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what measures intelligence quotients (IQ) it used to be done by the formula IQ=mental age/actual age. this is used to identify individuals with cognitive defects. Below 70 (20%) is intellectual disability. Above 130 (2%) is the MENSA. 70-130 is where 96% of people are. This is an objective test
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what is the Wechster Intelligence scale and is it objective or projective
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what is the inkblot test. (that came from a game) it is where people project themselves onto 10 ambiguous image. it has 2 phases 1. show cards and ask what they see 2. ask where they saw the image. This is projective
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What is the Rorschach test and is it objective or projective
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what is where a patient looks at a picture and makes up a story about what is going on in the picture. It is projective
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What is thematic appreception test (TAT) and is it objective or projective
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what is usually used with children, they draw a house, tree and person. small house=rejection. tree with slender trunk and large branches=need for satisfaction. lots of detail in the persons face=need to present themselves in a socially acceptable way.
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What is the House, Tree, Person test
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what is the diagnostic and statistics manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5)
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What do mental health professionals use to diagnose
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what is a label used for symptoms that are typically clustered together
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define diagnosis
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treatment
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what does diagnosis lead to
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informs treatment (main reason) classification normalization
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what are the benefits to diagnosis
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1. nomenclature 2. informational retrieval 3. description 4. prediction 5. concept formation 6. sociopolitical
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What is involved in classification
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misdiagnosis sticky labels biases culpability social control stigma
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what are problems with diagnosises
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misdiagnosis
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what problems with diagnosis's comes from health professionals
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Sticky labels biases culpability social control stigma
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what problems with diagnosis's come form society
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what is trying to use something to get out of responsibilities
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define cupability
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what is when people believe that a diagnosis is given in order to control them
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define social control
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what is a particular attitude towards a person because of their diagnosis
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define stigma
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to make informed decisions
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why do we research
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a horse could be presented with a math equation from his teacher and would stop out the correct answer.
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What was Clever Hans and Osten
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He set up an experiment so that a math problem would be presented to Hans when Osten didn't know the answer and when he did. Hans couldn't do math when Osten didn't know the answer. So he put blinders on the horse and got the same results. He noticed that whenever Hans was close to the answer Osten would slightly and unknowingly lean in and Hans would stop stomping.
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What did Pfungst do
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what is facilitated communication by a third party holding a persons elbow helping them type.
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What is clever hands
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A girl typed out that her dad touched her. Wagner set up a very similar experiment to Hans and Osten. The girl could not respond when her facilitated communicator did not hear the question.
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What was the issue with clever hands
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defining a problem specifying a testable hypothesis choosing a method operationalizing the variables
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what does conducting a scientific research include
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what is assigning a dependent (what we are predicting) and an independent variables (the predictors)
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what does operationalizing the variables mean
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1. describe 2. explain 3. predict 4. control
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what are the objectives of science
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what are detailed histories of individuals who have suffered from a psychological disorder
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define case studies
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what studies the relationships or the correlations (correlation does not equal causation)
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what does evaluating correlational studies involve
