question

What is Abnormal Psychology?

answer

The scientific study of strange or unusual behavior.

question

What are the four tasks of Abnormal Psychology?

answer

Diagnosis, Explaining, Predicting, and Controlling abnormal behavior.

question

What is Psycho-Diagnosis?

answer

Is an attempt to describe, assess, and systematically draw inferences about a persons psychological disorder.

question

What is Diagnosis?

answer

To label an illness. The label however may be too general, or describe current conditions.

question

Define Explaining abnormal behavior.

answer

Psychologists identify causes of abnormal behavior. Explanation varies with orientation.

question

Predicting adnormal behavior

answer

If a source of a patient difficulty is known, predictions can be made about behavior, but this may not always be true.

question

Define Controlling abnormal behavior.

answer

abnormal behavior may be controlled through therapy (biological or psychological), which modifies a pt.'s behavioral, affective (emotional) or cognitive state.

question

What are four ways in which abnormal behavior is defined?

answer

-Statistical deviation, -Ideal mental health criterion. -Multicultural perspective, -and Practical definitions.

question

Define statistical deviation.

answer

This criterion equates normality with behavior that occurs most frequently in the population. Abnormality is defined terms of less frequently occurring behavior. This method fails to consider cultural values or creative behavior, which is less frequent.

question

Define ideal mental health criterion.

answer

this view stresses looking at deviation from some positive goal. Humanistic psychologists suggest SELF-ACTUALIZATION (reaching one's highest potentials). Psychologists suggest balance of psychic forces. Others suggest reaching MATURITY.

question

Define multicultural perspective.

answer

Cultural universality of abnormal behavior states certain types are seen in all cultures. ** CULTURAL RELATIVISM is defined as the belief that life style, cultural values and worldviews vary on what they consider to be normal or abnormal behavior.

question

Define practical definitions.

answer

Practical or clinical criteria are often the basis of our diagnosis. pragmatic manifestations (symptoms) become the basis of judgment. The practical criteria for abnormality include subjective discomfort { happy all the time}, bizarreness of behavior, and inefficiency {don't go to work, say no, sit at home, some mental disturbance}.

question

What is practical or clinical criteria?

answer

The basis of our diagnosis.

question

What are pragmatic manifestations (symptoms)?

answer

Symptoms that become the basis of judgment.

question

What are the four practical criteria for abnormality?

answer

-Subjective discomfort -Bizarreness of behavior - Inefficiency ( dysfunction) -DSM-IV ( now it would be the 5th version that just came out this year)

question

Define discomfort.

answer

Physical or psychological discomfort is cause for referral.

question

Define bizarreness of behavior.

answer

Odd, strange behavior judged as abmormal in most situations, for example: HALLUCINATIONS, DELUSIONS, DISORIENTATION.

question

Define inefficiency ( dysfunction).

answer

Failing to stand up too one's potential and failure in performance. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS determine inefficiencies.

question

Define DSM-IV definition of abnormal behavior.

answer

DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorder published by American Psychiatric Association, 1994 includes all abnormal behaviors. According to DSM-IV , behavior that departs form some norm and harms the affected person or others is called abnormal behavior.

question

Define hallucination.

answer

Seeing or hearing things that do not exist.

question

Define delusions.

answer

Having false beliefs.

question

Define disorientation.

answer

Confusion with regards to identity.

question

What is the current research into the epidemiology of mental disorders?

answer

studies show high rates of mental illness in the U.S. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has done vast data collecting research. The costs are tremendous. ALCOHOL PROBLEMS and PHOBIC DISORDERS are the most common problems in the United States.

question

What re the most common problems in the U.S.?

answer

ALCOHOL PROBLEMS and PHOBIC DISORDERS

question

What is the role heredity and environmental factor have in abnormal behavior?

answer

Persons with mental disturbances are subjected to stereotyping and popular misconceptions. Behavior of abnormal people may be the same as normal persons. Both heredity and environmental factors are very important. Mentally ill persons are not seriously dangerous.

question

What are the mental health professions?

answer

-Clinical Psychology -Counseling Psychology -Mental Health Counseling -Psychiatry -Psychoanalysis -Other fields are psychiatric social work, clinical social work, and marriage and family counseling.

question

What is Clinical Psychology?

answer

A profession which deals with assessment (diagnosis) and treatment of abnormal behavior usually without the use of drugs.

question

What is Counseling Psychology?

answer

A profession which deals with less severe problems, mostly in relation with normal persons.

question

What is Mental Health Counseling?

answer

A profession which deals with providing counseling and various therapeutic techniques to basically normal persons.

question

What is Psychiatry?

answer

A medical profession which deals with assessment and treatment of mentally ill persons, usually using medication.

question

What is Psychoanalysis?

answer

A method of treatment proposed by Sigmund Freud. A psychoanalyst is a person who follows this method.

question

What are the other fields of of the mental health professions?

answer

Other fields are psychiatric social work, clinical social work, and marriage and family counseling.

question

What is Trephining?

answer

A crude operation performed by stone age man, chipping the skull with a sharp object such as a stone.

question

Naturalistic Explanations (Greco-Roman Thoughts)

answer

Hippocrates

question

Describe Hippocrates view.

answer

Had a naturalistic view regarding mental illness. He felt deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology. He classified illness into mania (elated), melancholia (depressed), and phrenitis (brain fever). Tranquility and moderate exercise and diet were proposed.

question

What is Tarantism?

answer

A disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to dance. (Mass Madness)

question

What is Lycanthropy?

answer

Victims imagined they were wolves. (Mass Madness)

question

Exorcism

answer

Was practiced in the Middle Ages to cast off evil spirits.

question

Middle Ages

answer

Re-emphasis on supernatural as the cause of mental illness appeared. Mental illness was perceived as punishment for sins. The Dark Ages (400-900 AD) were bleak for the mentally ill.

question

Witchcraft Practice

answer

Increased authority of the church. People with peculiar behavior were suspected of performing witchcraft.

question

The Rise of Humanism (Renaissance)

answer

Humanism movement emphasized human welfare and the worth and uniqueness of the person. Johan Weyer stated persons who were tortured were not witches, but mentally disturbed. (16th century)

question

Humanism

answer

Emphasized human welfare and the worth and uniqueness of the person.

question

Johan Weyer

answer

Stated persons who were tortured were not witches, but mentally disturbed. (16th century)

question

Reform Movements

answer

Phillip Pinel in France was the founder of moral treatment movement. Benjamin Rush, Dorothy Dix, and Clifford Beers in the United States were all involved in improving the treatment offered in mental institutions.

question

The Biological (Organic) Viewpoint (Somatogenic View)

answer

- Emil Kraeplin is the founder. - He believed mental illnesses has physiological (biological/organic) causes. - Clusters (groups) of symptoms (signs of illness) were called syndrome. - Biological causes included metabolic disturbances, endocrine problems, brain disease, and heredity. - His classification of mental illnesses was the basis for the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness).

question

The Psychological Viewpoint (Psychogenic View)

answer

This view states that some types of emotional disorders are not associated with any biological diseases.

question

Who was a major contributor(s) for the Psychogenic View?

answer

Mesmer, Charcot, and Breuer & Freud- ( I think, could just be Mesmer)

question

Mesmer

answer

( a Frenchman in the 18th century) challenged the organic point of view. His work was the forerunner of hypnotism. He treated hysteria.

question

The Nancy School

answer

Charcot was the founder and he used hypnosis and removed symptoms of hysteria under hypnosis in France in the 19th century.

question

Breuer & Freud

answer

Freud founded psychoanalysis. He originally practiced with Breuer in Vienna using hypnosis to treat hysterical patients. [Gave it up after he saw that it just comes back in another form.]

question

Who founded psychoanalysis?

answer

Sigmund Freud ( study of the mind)

question

What is the Contemporary View Point: A Bio-psycho-social approach?

answer

The belief that abnormal behavior has multi-factor causes, namely bio, psycho, and social factors and the use of the bio-psycho-social model.

question

Three major factors contributed to our current understanding of abnormal behavior:

answer

a.The drug revolution in psychiatry and prescription privileges for psychologists. b.Increased research in abnormal psychology. c.The belief that abnormal behavior has multi-factor causes, namely bio, psycho, and social factors and the use of the bio-psycho-social model.

question

Who was the founder of moral treatment movement?

answer

Phillip Pinel

question

Who is involved in improving the treatment offered in mental institutions?

answer

Benjamin Rush, Dorothy Dix, and Clifford Beers

question

Syndrome

answer

Clusters (groups) of symptoms (signs of illness)

question

What is a Model?

answer

Is used to describe something that cannot be observed directly, e.g. using a pump to illustrate the function of a heart. No true model for abnormal behavior is available.

question

What is an Eclectic Model?

answer

Using a variety of perspectives (biopsychosocio) is employed by an eclectic psychologist to describe, explain, predict, and control abnormal behavior.

question

what is an Eclectic Psychologist?

answer

to describe, explain, predict, and control abnormal behavior.

question

BIOLOGICAL (ORGANIC) MODELS

answer

Biological models state that mental disorders are correlated with brain dysfunction and can be treated with medication or other biomedical techniques.

question

The Human Brain contains?

answer

-Neurons -Neurotransmitters -Forebrain (highbrain) -thalamus - hypothalamus - limbic system -Midbrain -Hindbrain (lowbrain)

question

Neurons

answer

Nerve cells that transmit messages.

question

Neurotransmitters

answer

Are chemicals released in the synapses.

question

Forebrain (highbrain)

answer

Controls all higher mental functions such as learning, speech, thought, and memory.

question

Forebrain (highbrain) includes?

answer

thalamus limbic system hypothalamus

question

Midbrain

answer

Is involved in vision and hearing.

question

Hindbrain (lowbrain)

answer

Controls vegetative functions such as heart rate, sleep, and respiration.

question

True or False: Damage to the brain may cause abnormal behavior.

answer

True

question

Electrical impulses cross the synapses by the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters, name the two types.

answer

-excitatory (10%) -inhibitory (90%) - Which alter the behavior. Imbalance of neurotransmitters is correlated to mental illness. - (note: manic with bipolar patients b/c of the high and low of the two types on different days)

question

What are the parts of a neuron and what do they do?

answer

A. The cell body- the center for sending and receiving nerve impulses. The cell body is also responsible for making proteins and for using energy for maintenance and growth of the nerve cell. B.The axon- is specialized to carry messages. C.The dendrites- are specialized structures for receiving impulses, mostly form the axon of another neuron.

question

What is a Genotype?

answer

refers to a person's genetic make-up.

question

What is a Phenotype

answer

refers to the behavioral characteristics as a result of genes.

question

Identical twins are also called?

answer

Monozygotic twins They are derived from a single egg Have the same genetic makeup Are more alike

question

Identical twins

answer

Are studied for inherited predisposition factors.

question

Identical twins in the studies of schizophrenia show what?

answer

Shared disorders.

question

schizophrenia

answer

Severe impairment in thinking and perception Speech may be incoherent And suffer from delsions

question

What do correlation studies show?

answer

Strong correlation appears to exist between genetic inheritance and some mental disorders. Just comparisons, but do not show cause and effect realtionships

question

What are the shortcomings of the biological models?

answer

-They are viewed as the only explanations for mental disorders. -If you only use the biological model to understand mental illness, you may be ignoring important environmental stressors or causes of mental illness. The best approach to understanding mental illness is the bio-psycho-social approach which accounts for multiple causes.

question

What is Diathesis?

answer

Refers to the predisposition to develop a certain illness [pre-disposition + stress = symptoms]

question

What is THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL MODEL?

answer

-The view that adult disorders arise from the unconscious of repressed anxieties originally experienced during childhood. -According to this model. the personality structure is composed of three parts, id, ego, and superego.

question

Id

answer

Refers to the basic inborn instinctual and animalistic impulses present in everyone, which seeks the pleasure principle. The energy of the id is called libido. -operates from the pleasure principle - impulsive/subjective

question

Ego

answer

Is the rational part of personality and follows the reality principle. -is influenced by the reality principle -rational part

question

Superego

answer

-Is the conscience, the ego ideals, and is learned through the training of parents (the do's and don'ts) and follows the moral principle. -There are many opposing instincts, the major ones being life (eros) versus death (thanatos), love vs. hate, and aggression vs. care. - If there is no anxiety then there's something wrong and possibly no Superego -is the moral judgements and moralistic considerations - Conscience and guilt

question

Eros

answer

Life instincts

question

Thanatos

answer

Death instincts

question

The Oral Stage

answer

Birth to about 2 years. Fixation or regression (remaining or returning) to this stage may cause an oral personality characterized by passivity, helplessness, obesity, smoking, overeating, and alcoholism.

question

The Anal Stage

answer

2 to 4 years. Fixation or regression to this stage causes anal personality characterized by obsessive and compulsive behaviors, cleanliness or frugality, or the opposite traits.

question

The Phallic Stage

answer

About 4 to 6 years. The child becomes preoccupied with his/her phallus (genitals). Fixation or regression results in exhibitionism and voyeurism. At the end of this stage, the boy must solve his Oedipus complex (abnormal attachment to the mother) by identifying with the father. The girl must solve her Electra complex (abnormal attachment to the father) by identifying with the mother. Healthy personality development continues after the resolution of these two complexes.

question

The Latency Stage

answer

About 6 to 12. No visible preoccupation with sexuality. This is the period of socialization for both boys and girls.

question

The Genital Stage

answer

About 12 to 18. Heterosexual interests begin to surface in both sexes, preparing the ground for future vocational planning, marriage, and family planning.

question

The Psychosexual Stages of Development

answer

According to Freud, the human personality is largely developed in the first 5 - 7 years of life. From the moment of birth, an infant and then the child goes through the following stages called the psychosexual stages: -The Oral Stage -The Anal Stage -The Phallic Stage -The Latency Stage -The Genital Stage

question

Oedipus complex

answer

Abnormal attachment to the mother

question

Electra complex

answer

Abnormal attachment to the father

question

Anxiety & Psychopathology

answer

According to Freud conflict between impulses and instincts cause anxiety which is the basis of abnormal behavior or what he called neurosis. Anxiety can be mild, moderate, or severe and has three types: -Realistic Anxiety -Moralistic Anxiety -Neurotic Anxiety

question

Realistic Anxiety

answer

Caused by a realistic physical or psychological threat to the ego.

question

Moralistic Anxiety

answer

Caused by conflict between the id and superego resulting in guilt.

question

Neurotic Anxiety

answer

Caused by conflict between id and ego. Ego experiences anxiety due to the threat of unwanted id impulses.

question

Which of the three types of anxiety is related to mental illness?

answer

Neurotic Anxiety ( **not sure if true**)

question

In order to deal with anxiety

answer

Ego mobilizes defense mechanisms, which are conscious in the start and gradually due to habitual use become unconscious.

question

What is the core of neurotic behavior?

answer

Anxiety

question

Defense Mechanisms

answer

a. Repression b. Reaction Formation c. Projection d. Rationalization e. Displacement f. Regression g. Denial h. Sublimation i. There are other defenses such as - intellectualization - interjection - undoing People use defense mechanisms according to their personalities.

question

Repression

answer

Blocking and preventing dangerous and unacceptable material from reaching consciousness. ["I don't remember"]

question

Reaction Formation

answer

Demonstrating the opposite of one's feelings such as showing superficial love when one really hates an object or a person.

question

Projection

answer

Blaming others for one's shortcomings or problems. It can lead to delusional systems and paranoia. [Blame everyone]

question

Rationalization

answer

Stating irrational excuses to justify one's actions and behavior

question

Displacement

answer

Directing hostility towards a substitute target.

question

Regression

answer

To return to an earlier stage of development.

question

Denial

answer

To deny the existence of reality, such as in lying.

question

Sublimation

answer

The only so-called "good" defense in which a person channels his/her anxiety in socially accepted ways.

question

Intellectualization

answer

(talk about disturbing event in an intellectual, jargon-y, emotionless manner),

question

Interjection

answer

(Opposite of projection—blame self)

question

Undoing

answer

(tries to repeat something to remove guilt. Try to un-do it).

question

The Neo-Freudian Perspective

answer

-The neo-Freudians emphasizes the importance of ego, ego autonomy, the influences of social factors rather than sexual factors, freedom of choice, and the importance of future goals. -Some important neo-Freudians are Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Eric Erikson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Anna Freud.

question

The Humanistic View

answer

-Carl Rogers emphasizes the basic goodness of an individual. -Rogers believes behavior disorders are the result of the state of incongruency.

question

Actualizing Tendency

answer

States that all people are born with a tendency to actualize and to reach their highest potentials.

question

Self-Concept

answer

Refers to how we view ourselves.

question

Condition of Worth

answer

Is imposed on a person by the society.

question

Incongruency

answer

-A person who is uncomfortable with him/herself) results in disharmony. -Rogers believes behavior disorders are the result of the state of incongruency.

question

Unconditioned positive regard

answer

Allows a person to grow and feel good about him/herself

question

Rogers created a therapeutic technique referred to as what?

answer

Person-Centered Therapy

question

Person-Centered Therapy

answer

-Stating that people can solve their problems if a positive therapeutic condition is created for them. -(The role of the therapist is to demonstrate unconditioned positive regards for the client. The therapist will be a good listener, will reflect, clarify, and interpret the feeling of the client. The client is the active participant.)

question

The Existential Perspective

answer

The emphasis is on person's uniqueness, freedom and choice, and responsibility.

question

Who developed existential perspective in the United States?

answer

Rolo May

question

What are the three concepts are essential in existential analysis?

answer

-Being - Awareness of Existence -Nonbeing- Awareness of Death -Being-in-the-World- Existing in a social context

question

Existential Anxiety

answer

Nonbeing - We cease to exist in the future. The anxiety it produces is called existential anxiety.

question

Being (additional information)

answer

We exist at a particular point in time. We are conscious of our existence, therefore we are responsible, have a free will, and are capable of choosing.

question

When does Abnormal Behavior develop in The Existential Perspective?

answer

Develops when a person feels he/she exists in a meaningless life and when conflict occurs between demands placed on the person and the person's nature.

question

What is the goal of The Existential Therapy?

answer

Is to help a person become aware of his/her potentials for growth and for making choices for finding meaning in life.

question

To find the nature of mental disorder, the clinician must gather facts through what?

answer

-observation -interview, -psychological tests

question

The evaluation of the information leads to what?

answer

Psychodiagnosis- an attempt to describe and to assess a person's psychological disorder.

question

Diagnosis

answer

To label an illness.

question

Etiology

answer

Causes of an illness which may be biological, psychological, sociological.

question

Symptom

answer

A sign of an illness or disorder.

question

Syndrome

answer

A group of symptoms.

question

Treatment

answer

Biological, psychological, and sociological techniques and methods to control and alleviate mental illness.

question

Prognosis

answer

Prediction of the future course of a particular illness or disorder described in terms of favorable, unfavorable, or guarded .

question

What is an Assessment?

answer

The process of gathering information and drawing conclusions about an individual, generally leading to diagnosis.

question

Four principle means of assessment are available to clinicians, what are they?

answer

-observation - interview -psychological tests -neurological tests

question

Observation

answer

-Observation is performed in natural settings, called naturalistic observation, - or under the conditions of a laboratory, called controlled observation. -Objectivity should be practiced in conducting observation.

question

Interview

answer

-Interview provides a good chance to watch verbal and non-verbal behaviors, content of speech, and other face-to-face factors. -Structured and non-structured interviews can be conducted. Standardized interviews are formal and structured.

question

Psychological Tests

answer

Psychological tests are used to assess personality, abnormal behavior, intellectual abilities, vocational interests, and brain damage.

question

Neurological Tests

answer

-A variety of neurological medical procedures are available for diagnosing brain damage. -The CAT scan (computerized axial tomography) provides a 3D image of the structure of the brain, showing any deterioration or abnormality present. -The EEG (electroencephalograph) provides information about tumors or other brain problems and conditions. It maps the brainwaves. -The MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) can produce clear pictures of brain and its tissues.

question

Reliability

answer

A test giving the same or nearly the same results on repeated administration is called a reliable test.

question

Validity

answer

Refers to how well a test measures the trait or character it is supposed to measure. A valid intelligence test measures the intelligence quotient (IQ) accurately.

question

What are the different types of Psychological Tests?

answer

-Projective Tests -Objective Tests -Intelligence Tests -Tests for Brain Damage

question

Projective tests

answer

-Vague, ambiguous, and unstructured stimuli are presented to the client and he/she is to make out what he/she thinks they are. -Such tests delve into a person's unconscious needs and desires. -Examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Sentence Completion Test, Human Figure Drawing Test For children, the House-Tree-Person Test is also used.

question

Objective tests

answer

- These tests are in the form of questionnaires, inventories, and true-false statements. When completed they provide a profile of a person's personality. -Example: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI and MMPI-2)

question

Intelligence tests

answer

- These tests measure a person's intelligence quotient (IQ). - Examples: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test Wechsler tests

question

Tests for brain damage (organicity)

answer

-Brain damage, also referred to as organicity can be diagnosed by using psychological tests. Some of them are very elaborate and some are simple. -Example:- Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test (most simple) - Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery -Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

question

Rorschach Inkblot Test

answer

Which is a very sensitive test for detection of psychosis

question

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

answer

Which gives insight to a person's worries and conflicts in the stories they tell [see picture -> make story]

question

Sentence Completion Test

answer

Is when a person is asked to complete sentences revealing many personality characteristics

question

Human Figure Drawing Test

answer

When a person is asked to draw human figures [draw male and female, describe]

question

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI and MMPI-2)

answer

Which consists of over 550 true-false items.

question

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

answer

Usually used for children (2-13)

question

Wechsler tests

answer

Used for children and adults. -For children 6-17, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) IS USED. -For adults (17-75), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is used. -There are new revisions of tests, known as WISC-III and WAIS-R.

question

Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test

answer

Involving some geometrical figures and the patient is asked to draw them.

question

Ethics of Assessment

answer

Psychologists should safeguard against the misuse of test results or application of such results.

question

Emil Kraeplin

answer

-Proposed the 1st classification of mental disorders -Held the organic (biological) view of psychopathology -Classifications were based on the patient's symptoms -Common etiology (causes) result in similar problems

question

DSM-IV

answer

-Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Illness -Published in 1994 -Published by APA (American Psychiatric Association) -Each revision was made to increase the reliability, validity, and usefulness of classification

question

The Current DSM-IV System

answer

Individual's mental state is examined and evaluated on five dimensions or axes.

question

What are the five axes?

answer

Axis I -Clinical Syndromes or other Clinical Conditions -Principle disorder is listed first Axis II -Personality Disorders -Mental Retardation Axis III -General Medical Conditions -If there is no medical problem, state deferred. Axis IV -Psychological & Environmental problems -Mild/Moderate/Severe Axis V -Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Score) -Rating on psychological, social, & occupational functioning -Uses a 100-point scale -Normal: 75. Low: 50.

question

Objections to Classification & Labeling

answer

-A label may cause people to interpret all activities of the affected person as pathological -A label may lead others to treat a person differently -A label may lead those labeled to believe that they indeed possess such characteristics

Abnormal Psychology Chapters 1-3 UCF – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards