Chapter 12 nutrition – Flashcards
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In a healthy individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?
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Equilibrium
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Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?
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Sodium
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Which of the following is NOT a typical ingredient in an oral rehydration therapy formula?
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Protein
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Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?
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1
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Which of the following is NOT among the common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH?
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Oxalic acid
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What organ functions as the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance by controlling the bicarbonate concentration?
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Kidneys
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What is the major intracellular anion?
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Phosphate
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Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
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Acts as principal intracellular electrolite
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Approximately how many people in the United States are afflicted with low bone mass?
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44 million
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How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
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300
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Which of the following is a feature of calcium supplements?
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Common antacids are used as a source of calcium
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Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
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250
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All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration EXCEPT
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spastic muscles
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The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women?
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10 years later
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The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed
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obligatory water excretion
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Which of the following is NOT among the factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance?
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Adrenaline
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Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?
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Brocolli
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What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?
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500
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All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium EXCEPT
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both are found in abundance in dairy products
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In the body, water that resides between cells is known as
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interstitial fluid
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What does a DEXA scan measure?
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bone density
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Antiresorptive drug treatments for osteoporosis work primarily by
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Inhibiting the activites of the bone-degrading cells
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Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?
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Can cause toxicity
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Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?
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Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
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Which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition?
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Deficiency is associated with hypertension
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The outer, hard shell of bone is called
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cortical bone
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The primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to
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The estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals
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Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?
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It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
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A person's highest bone density is achieved by around age (years)
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30
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Which of the following does NOT play an important role in acid-base balance?
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The liver
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What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?
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1-2
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The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's
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2
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Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as
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hyponotremia
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Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate
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hypertension
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Among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels, resulting in elevation of blood pressure?
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Angiotensin
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What is the major intracellular cation?
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Potassium
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Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
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lactose
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Which of the following is NOT among the properties of electrolytes?
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They include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
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What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?
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Osmotic pressure
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What is another term for hypertension?
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High blood pressure
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Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of
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sodium
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Which of the following is a feature of potassium?
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Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
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All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract EXCEPT
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oxalates
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Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of chloride in nutrition?
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The recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight
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Among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest percentage of calcium?
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Calcium gluconate
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Which of the following is NOT among the features of potassium deficiency?
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It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
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After age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?
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Sex
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What minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?
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3-4%
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What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?
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500
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How many mg of calcium are present in a 500-mg tablet of calcium carbonate?
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200
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Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of phosphorus in nutrition?
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The ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance
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Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as
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hyponatremia
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Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to
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provide rigidity for the bones and teeth
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Aldosterone and renin each function to promote
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retention of sodium
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Which of the following is a feature of the minerals in nutrition?
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Some minerals are destroyed by heat
