Learning Curve – Chapter 5 – Flashcards

What is meant by the statement: we live in the "Age of the Gene"? People are constantly being informed of yet another complex human characteristic or trait linked to a newly discovered gene. Genes have become an important aspect of human and agricultural life. This generation of children are all most likely to be genetically modified. Genes have become the only way to solve any criminal cases; therefore, if there is no DNA evidence, a case cannot be proven. Both the first and second answer choices best explain what is meant by the "Age of the Gene."

What type of molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

Golden rice: can make vitamin A without beta-carotene. could help the 250,000 children each year who are at risk of blindness due to vitamin A deficiency. supplies more vitamin A in one serving than an individual needs in a full week. is an example of organic farming. grows without a husk, thereby reducing the processing required before it can be consumed.

What are short tandem repeats? Sequences of DNA that repeat over and over again Sequences of DNA that are conserved among every individual Sequences of DNA that are always located at the same location in the genome Cancerous DNA sequences found in affected individuals None of the above.

Which of the following scientists is incorrectly matched to his/her role in the discovery of DNA? Linus Pauling - investigated the structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin - produced X-ray pictures of DNA critical to decoding its shape. James Watson and Francis Crick - deduced the exact structure of DNA. Maurice Wilkins - responsible for decoding the individual base pairs of DNA. None of the above; they're all correctly matched.

During transcription, at the point where the DNA strand being copied has an adenine, _______________ is added to the mRNA. a thymine a uracil a guanine a cytosine an adenine

A transgenic organism is: An organism that contains DNA from a donor species An organism that is both prokaryotic and eukaryotic An organism that can transfer its genes to another organism of the same species. An organism that has both RNA and DNA as the core genetic material. An organism that is created by the use of plasma.

Diabetes is to insulin as _________ is to _________. dwarfism; human growth hormone fast flush syndrome; the enzyme lactase anemia; human growth hormone lactose intolerance; blood doping cystic fibrosis; erythropoietin

Which of the following statements about transcription and translation is most accurate in terms of compartmentalization? Transcription occurs in the nucleolus, DNA exits through the pores, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Transcription and translation all occur in the nucleus; the DNA does not need to exit. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, DNA exits through pores, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm; the DNA exits via voltage gated channels. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, DNA exits via ribosomal subunit attachment, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Which is the correct order of events that occurs when a DNA gene is being used to make RNA in a eukaryotic cell? Recognize and bind, terminate, capping and editing, transcribe Recognize and bind, capping and editing, terminate, transcribe Recognize and bind, transcribe, terminate, capping and editing Recognize and bind, transcribe, capping and editing, terminate Transcribe, terminate, recognize and bind, capping and editing

Although genetic screening has contributed to a reduced incidence of Tay-Sachs disease, genetic screening cannot reveal whether an individual is at increased risk of disease later in life. genetic screening puts people at higher risk of developing a disease like breast cancer. genetic screening can result in the cancellation of a life insurance policy. genetic screening cannot be used in determining if a fetus has a genetic disease. genetic screening of parents produces no useful information for parents wanting to have children.

Which of the following statements about non-coding DNA is TRUE? The role of non-coding DNA is understood to be extra genes that only get turned on in situations where the regular genes become damaged. Non-coding DNA can only occur between genes, not within genes themselves. "Junk DNA" refers to the proportion of base sequences in DNA that do not code for anything and seem to have no obvious purpose. Bacteria have the most non-coding DNA; more than 90% of their genome contains introns. Fruit flies are one of few organisms to have less coding DNA than humans.

Deletions and substitutions are two types of point mutations. Which is more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins? Substitutions are more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins because they shift the reading frame and cause downstream amino acids to be changed. Deletions are more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins because one protein is deleted. Deletions are more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins because they shift the reading frame and cause downstream amino acids to be changed. Substitutions are more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins because one protein is substituted for another protein. None of the above is correct.

Which aspects of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) make it such an effective and critical laboratory tool? PCR is able to produce large quantities of DNA in a very short period of time. PCR is inexpensive to perform and a relatively easy laboratory procedure to carry out. PCR is highly sensitive and can amplify even the smallest quantity of DNA into billions of copies. PCR is a vital tool in almost all genetic procedures performed in a laboratory today, and has a high rate of success. All of the above are reasons supporting the statement that PCR is an effective and critical laboratory tool.

In humans, genes make up ______ of the DNA. about 10% about 75% 85% less than 5% about 50%

The mutations that lead to genetic disease cause human illness commonly because: most genetic diseases make people more likely to become sunburned. the overproduction of extra enzymes makes you sick. a molecule normally metabolized by an enzyme accumulates to toxic levels. mutations in DNA cause body cells to self destruct. mutations cause extra DNA to be made, which gets into your blood, causing illness.

Which of the following is TRUE about selective breeding and genetically modified organisms? GMOs are always superior to selectively bred organisms. Vitamin A genes have been introduced into rice to make these crops resistant to pests. GMO plants are now more common in the world's food supply than wild plants. Desired traits engineered into crops must come from DNA of the same species (e.g. rice genes must always be used to genetically engineer rice). Farmers have been able to produce new varieties of crops by selective breeding alone.

Two healthy parents (asymptomatic) have a child with Tay-Sachs disease. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon and its possible screening? The phenomenon occurred because the parents are both carriers of the gene for the disease, but with screening of the parents combined with genetic counseling and embryo testing, the phenomenon could have dramatically been reduced. The phenomenon occurred because both parents were gene carriers, but there is no testing available at this point for a disease such as Tay Sachs. The phenomenon occurred because the dominant Tay-Sachs gene was active in the child, but not in the parents. This phenomenon is not possible, since both parents are asymptomatic. The phenomenon occurred due to a point mutation that occurred during fertilization, but testing could have informed the parents of the disease in their unborn child.

What is the difference between a gene and an allele? A gene is a form of a trait, and alleles make up genes. A gene is a sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and an allele is an alternative version of a gene that codes for a different, but related, feature. A gene is a sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and an allele is an alternative version of a gene that codes for the same feature. A gene describes a chromosome, and an allele describes an exact location of a gene on a chromosome. An allele and a gene are the same thing.

There are different _________ molecules for each of the twenty different amino acids that are used in building proteins. tRNA ribosomal subunit mRNA elongation DNA

A DNA probe binds to a particular target DNA based upon which principle? Degeneracy: any segment of DNA can bind to several different probes Complementarity: the DNA probe binds to a sequence complementary to it. Exclusion: the DNA probe binds everywhere except to the area that is identical to it. Semi-conservation: the DNA probe is incorporated into the new cell after duplication, therefore the original probe always remains. None of the above.

Which of the following is NOT true about gene therapy? Not enough cells in the recipient may get a working copy of the gene. Gene therapy has rarely, if ever, produced any clear successful cures. There is some difficulty in getting a working gene into the specific cells that need it. The organism used to transfer a "good" gene may infect the wrong cells in the recipient. In the few cases where gene therapy produced a cure, the children of these patients were free of their parent's disease

Which of the following is INCORRECT? The instructions for producing this trait are found in a gene that controls the physical expression of that trait. The gene can have different alleles that can specify different traits, that is, red or brown eye color. The color of a fruit fly's eyes is a trait. By studying the patterns of traits over generations of an organism, the genetic composition of an organism can be deduced. The trait is influenced by the gene, independent of the environment.

"Fast flushers" are people who lack: the ability to make proteins inside their cells. enough alcohol in their diet. a functional enzyme that metabolizes alcohol. the enzyme needed to digest lactose. the smarts to know when "enough is enough."

A restriction enzyme: is involved in chopping up the DNA from a donor organism. targets a particular base-pair sequence on either side of the gene. is usually involved in the first step of biotechnology. usually recognizes a sequence that is four to eight base pairs long. All of the above.

A person's unique DNA is carried within some of the cells and tissues of their body. These include all of the following EXCEPT: saliva. skin cells. intestines. white blood cells. All of the above contain a person's DNA.

The trait for red hair is recessive, meaning that when a person expresses two copies of this allele they have red hair. What can be said about the phenotype and genotype of a red-haired individual versus a brown-haired (dominant) individual? The phenotype of an individual with red hair does not directly correlate to the genotype, whereas the phenotype of a brown-haired individual provides direct information about his genotype. For both brown-haired and red-haired individuals, the genotype can be determined simply by observing the phenotype of the individuals. The phenotype of an individual with red-hair allows one to know his phenotype. An individual with brown hair also has a phenotype that gives enough information to deduce his genotype. The phenotype alone can never imply anything about genotype for either individual. The phenotype of an individual with red-hair allows one to know his phenotype, whereas deducing the genotype of a brown-haired individuals would require a closer look at generational breeding patterns.

During transcription, at the point where the DNA strand being copied has an adenine, _______________ is added to the mRNA. a cytosine an adenine a thymine a guanine a uracil

Transcription and translation can best be explained through which analogy? Transcription is when a recipe is copied out of a cookbook into another cookbook, and translation is when the cookbook is read, ingredients are put together, and the cookies are made. Transcription is the copying of a recipe from a cookbook to an index card, and translation is combining the baking ingredients and making chocolate chip cookies. Transcription is when the baking ingredients are combined and chocolate chip cookies are made, and translation is when the recipe from a cookbook is copied to an index card. Transcription is the copying of a recipe from a cookbook to an index card, and translation is rewriting the recipe on an index card into another language. Transcription is the copying of a recipe from a cookbook to an index card, and translation is combining the baking ingredients and saving them to bake at a later time.

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 general steps of biotechnology? Amplify a small amount of DNA Chop up DNA from a donor species Identify colonies that have received DNA containing the gene of interest Grow separate colonies containing different inserted pieces of donor DNA Insert different DNA segments into human cells to be grown and studied

What is the difference between a point mutation and a chromosomal aberration? Both are mutation types, but in a point mutation, the mutation occurs at a specific point anywhere on the chromosome. In a chromosomal aberration, the mutation is all throughout the chromosome. Both are mutation types, but in a point mutation, one base pair is changed, and in a chromosomal aberration, an entire section of the chromosome is altered. A chromosomal aberration is caused by DNA damage, while a point mutation is a mutation of a single base. A chromosomal aberration is an all-inclusive term for any DNA mutation, and a point mutation is a type of aberration. Point mutations occur at a specific point due to sunlight, whereas chromosomal aberrations can occur anywhere due to any type of DNA damage.

Chromosomal aberrations: are more harmful than point mutations. involves gene deletions or relocations, but not duplications. are changes to the overall organization of genes on a chromosome. occur when a base pair is inserted or deleted. occur when one base pair in the DNA is substituted for another.

Which of the following is NOT a success of biotechnology? Complete cure of people with cystic fibrosis and heart disease using gene therapy Production of meatier turkeys Production vitamin A-enriched rice Production of seedless watermelons Production of bigger and juicier kernels in corn

In the lac operon, what occurs in the presence of lactose? The same thing occurs in the presence and absence of lactose in the lac operon. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the operator, and transcription occurs. Lactose binds to RNA polymerase and transcription cannot occur. Lactose binds to RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase becomes activated, and transcription occurs. A repressor protein competes with lactose for a position on the operator, thus making transcription a competitive process.

Which of the following is NOT a possible scenario resulting from genetic engineering? Genetically engineered cattle grow faster than unmodified cattle. Genetically engineered corn remains untouched in one field, while insects attack wild corn. Genetically engineered herbicide-resistant rice provides more vitamins than wild rice. Genetically engineered salmon escape from their pens and outcompete native salmon. Genetically engineered salmon reach market size significantly faster than is normally the case.

Which of the following statements about regulatory genes is correct? Regulatory genes can be located within the operon. Regulatory genes cannot be located within the operon, but they can be near it. Regulatory genes only code for activator proteins. Regulatory genes only code for repressor proteins. None of the above is correct.