Marriage and Family Therapy 639 - Flashcards

Q: Family therapists with a transgenerational view: a. attend to a family\'s intergenerational issues b. reject the notion of therapist as outside expert c. are less interested in a family\'s \"stuck\" places than are the social constructionists d. are sometimes referred to as structuralists

attend to a family\'s intergenerational issues

Q: A young adult\'s primary developmental task is: a) separating from one\'s parents without cutting off from them b) finding a suitable mate c) realigning relationships with extended families d) becoming a parent

separating from one\'s parents without cutting off from them

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1. Developmental tasks: a. always involve children b. occur at all stages of the life cycle c. rarely involve family conflict d. always impede family functioning

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occur at all stages of the life cycle

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A family stage marker refers to: A family stage marker refers to: a. a particular life event b. a stage of life c. the final decade of life d. all of the above

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a particular life event

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Family stage markers are events in a family's life that: a. demand a new adaptation b. differentiate one stage of life from the next c. mark the close of the childbearing years d. none of the above

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demand a new adaptation

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Family therapists with a transgenerational view: a. attend to a family's intergenerational issues b. reject the notion of therapist as outside expert c. are less interested in a family's "stuck" places than are the social constructionists d. are sometimes referred to as structuralists

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attend to a family's intergenerational issues

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From a family life cycle perspective, psychiatric symptoms in a family member represent: a) intrapsychic distress b) interpersonal distress c)a signal that the family is having problems mastering the tasks at that stage in the cycle d) a learned response to anxiety

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a signal that the family is having problems mastering the tasks at that stage in the cycle

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Early developmental schemes typically described: a. immigrant families b .intact middle-class American families c. all families covered in the 1940 census d. only childless families

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intact middle-class American families

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Which group of family therapists is most apt to study family transitions? a) structuralists b) social constructionists c) behaviorists d) cognitive-behaviorists

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structuralists

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A shortcoming in the family life stage perspective is: A) it is explanatory rather than descriptive B) it offers normative data on extended families only C)it emphasizes individual difference in the timings of modal events D) it does not deal with transition periods between stages

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it does not deal with transition periods between stages

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Which of the following characterizes emerging adulthood? a. heightened sense of assuming responsibilities b.launching children c. initial experiences of sexual exploration d. consolidating gender PG 41

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either A or C

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A young adult's primary developmental task is: a) separating from one's parents without cutting off from them b) finding a suitable mate c) realigning relationships with extended families d) becoming a parent

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separating from one's parents without cutting off from them

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According to the authors, the most significant milestone in a family's life cycle is usually: a) deciding to marry b) the arrival of children c) choosing a career d) deciding on a life style

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the arrival of children

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The term "suprasystem" refers to: a. husband, wife, and first child b. husband, wife, and all children c. husband, wife, children, and extended family members d. husband, wife, and in-laws

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husband, wife, children, and extended family members

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Families with an adolescent frequently must deal with: a) rule changing b) role renegotiation c) limit setting d) all of the above

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all of the above

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As children grow up and leave home, the family's developmental task involves: a) focusing attention on career development b) considering retirement shortly c) dealing with disabilities and death of grandparents d) creating adult-to-adult relationships between parents and children

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creating adult-to-adult relationships between parents and children

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Most heads of one-parent households: a) eventually remarry b) are sufficiently financially secure so that they do not seek remarriage c) avoid remarriage until their children are grown d) can be considered to be non-custodial parents

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eventually remarry

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Stepfamilies typically: a) cause a disruption in the family life cycle b) add an additional phase to the life cycle c) require a restructuring of parent-child relationships d) all of the above

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All of the above

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Developmentally speaking, gay and lesbian adolescents: a) face entirely different demands to become independent as heterosexual adolescents b) may experience greater anxiety, secrecy, and shame than heterosexual adolescents c) .have a relatively easy time "coming out" to their parents d.) experience the same anxiety over their erotic feelings as heterosexual adolescents

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may experience greater anxiety, secrecy, and shame than heterosexual adolescents

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True or False: Lesbian parents have children who are just as gender stereotyped as heterosexual parents.

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false

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True or False: gay adults are less fit parents than straight adults

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false (duh)

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Name 3 Gender issues

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patriarchal behavior sex-based role assignments sexist attitudes

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Gender-sensitive family therapy emphasizes:

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overcoming sex-role stereotyping

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Gender differences in perception and behavior result from:

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both biological and cultural factors

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Feminist-informed therapists are especially critical of:

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gender analysis

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According to Gilligan, women are more apt than men to:

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define themselves within the context of relationships

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Feminists are critical of the cybernetic concept of circular causality in male-female relationships because of the implication of:

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equal power and control

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Gender-sensitive family therapy:

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advocates therapist neutrality

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Men's studies draw attention to:

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gender blindness toward women but not men

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Homophobia is often a characteristic of:

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the "masculine mystique"

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Gender, power, and control issues are involved in:

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family violence

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One goal of gender-sensitive family therapy is to:

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enable clients to move beyond prescribed sex roles

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A general cultural sensitivity to families characterizes:

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the multicultural approach

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Cultural specificity refers to:

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therapist self-awareness of cultural influences

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True or False: Feedback loops are a factor in understanding the cultural background of client families?

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False

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An idiosyncratic family pattern refers to:

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a pattern unique to a specific family

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In working with immigrant families, what 3 things do family therapists need to remain aware of?

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when they arrived in this country the circumstances of their arrival in this country their support system in this country

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Ethnicity and cultural tradition:

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affect how we think, feel, express anxieties, etc.

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Family loyalty, unity, honor and obligation are especially important in:

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Latin American families

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The renewed interest in ethnicity is intended to:

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help avoid stereotypes alert family therapists to the folly of ethnocentrism help therapists avoid imposing their cultural values on their clients

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Children living with unmarried mothers are:

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probably poor

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The erosion of family structure among economically impoverished families often leads to:

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learning to view their own impotence as normal

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The way a family organizes and maintains itself at any given time refers to its:

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structure

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General systems theory is considered by the authors to be interchangeable with ______

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cybernetic theory

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A systems perspective views component parts as _________ than the whole

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as greater than the whole

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The textbook authors contend that systems theory

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encompasses cybernetics and general systems theory

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Feminists challenge the systems metaphor because it:

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ignores gender and power issues

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Metarules are:

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unstated family directives

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Most family rules are:

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unwritten and covertly stated

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A family's metarules refers to:

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rules about the rules

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Family therapist Virginia Satir helped families:

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recognize their unwritten rules

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Homeostasis refers to:

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the inclination of a system to maintain a dynamic equilibrium around a central tendency

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Returned information regarding the consequences of an event is called:

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feedback

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"Attenuated feedback loops" is suggested in the text as a better term for:

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negative feedback

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Another name for an amplifying loop is:

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positive feedback

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True or False: negative feedback is corrective, adjusting the input and returning the system to a steady state

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True

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True or false: Positive feedback loops are always good

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False, they are neither intrinsically good or bad

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Each family system belongs to a ______________ and contains a number of co-existing _____

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suprasystem ; subsystems

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According to the text, which subsystem is most basic in a family?

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spousal

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The elements of a system are delineated by its:

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boundaries

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The ______________ of subsystem boundaries is more important for effective family function than the composition of the family subsystems.

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clarity

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Closed systems tend to become disorganized and go into disorder. This is known as:

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entropy

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The more open a family, the more:

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adaptable to rule change

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For most families, engagement with larger systems is:

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omnipresent

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Ecosystemic Analysis is defined as

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The view that multiple systems in which families are embedded require attention

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What 3 things characterize a family therapist who acts as a systems consultant:

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convenes the participants, allows different views to emerge, facilitates collaborative problem-solving

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According to the textbook, the trend in family therapy today is toward:

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eclecticism

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A "good" theory should be these 3 things:

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verifiable parsimonious Empirically valid

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An empirically valid theory does what?

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confirms predictions

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Sullivan emphasized these three emerging internal personifications from mother-child relationships

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good me, bad me, not me

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Object relations therapy is a form of ____________ therapy

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Psychoanalysis

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According to Ackerman, family dysfunction reflects:

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a failure of role complementarity

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Ackerman used the term _______________ to describe several disabilities within a family which depend on each other for expression or control.

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interlocking pathology

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In Ackerman's approach:

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both office interviews and home visits were employed

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By "tickling the defenses" Ackerman meant:

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catching members off guard and exposing their self-justifying rationalizations

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Object relations theory evolved from the study of:

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early mother-infant relationships

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Object relations theorists believe the infant's need for ______________ influences the development of the self:

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attachment

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When a child internalizes the image of his mother into a good object and a bad object, he is engaging in:

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splitting

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Defending against anxiety by externalizing unwanted parts of oneself onto others is called:

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projection

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The focus of object relations theory is:

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dyadic

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A spouse who projects undesired aspects of oneself onto a partner and then fights these characteristics in that mate is engaging in

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projective identification

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Object Relations Family Therapy emphasizes the basic human need for:

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attachment

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Object relations therapists view therapist interpretations as

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an integral part of therapy

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A holding environment refers to:

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a caring and nurturing environment that supports "good enough" development

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The Scharffs consider their treatment to be successful by the degree to which the family:

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masters developmental stresses

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In Kohut's system, self-objects refer to:

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self-sustaining psychic function that takes place within a self in its relationship to others that supports the self in its development

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Kohut viewed narcissism as:

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a normal stage of development

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In intersubjective psychoanalysis, the theoretical location within which unconscious activity occurs is called

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the intersubjective field

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During a session, an intersubjective psychoanalyst will listen to couples to discern their

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shifting affect and emerging self states

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Relational psychoanalysis involves:

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the mutual impact of external, interpersonal, or social relations, internal relations among persons, varied self-states, and object relations

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Transgenerational approaches are:

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historical

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Bowen's approach may be considered a bridge between what two views?

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systems and psychodynamic

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More than most family therapists, Bowen stresses the role of theory for:

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guiding treatment research teaching purposes

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By symbiosis, Bowen is referring to:

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an intense mother-child attachment

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Bowen's family systems theory is derived from:

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a natural systems theory

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True or False: Interlocking pathology is one of Bowen's concepts?

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False

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The opposite of self-differentiation, in Bowen's view, is:

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fusion

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With his concept of self-differentiation, Bowen argues for:

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balance

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The "undifferentiated family ego mass" refers to:

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enmeshment and disengagement occurring simultaneously

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In Bowen's Differentiation of Self Scale, people at the low end are apt to lead lives:

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dominated by the feelings of those around them

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According to Bowen, the basic building block in a family's emotional system is the:

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triangle

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What characterizes a high degree of family fusion?

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triangulating will occur poorly differentiated members will be drawn into tense situations families will insist on togetherness

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Bowen believed that, generally speaking, people choose mates with _______________ levels of differentiation than their own:

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about the same

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The greater the level of undifferentiation of the parents, the more likely they will rely on the _______________ to stabilize the system:

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family projection process

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Emotional cutoff, according to Bowen, is:

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a flight from unresolved emotional ties to one's family

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Bowen refers to the development of schizophrenia in a family member requiring several generations to manifest itself as a:

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multigenerational transmission process

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Sibling position, in Bowen's theory, refers to the relationship between marital partners based on:

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their birth orders

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Bowen's concept of societal regression extends his view to:

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society's emotional functioning

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True or False: Empirical evidence substantiates Bowen theory in many cases

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true

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A major technique utilized by Bowenian therapists involves:

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studying family transactional patterns

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Genograms helps shed light on a family's__________.

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multigenerational relationship patterns

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True or False: Symptom relief is not a goal of Family Systems therapy

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true

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In his family intervention techniques, Bowen seemed to prefer to picture himself as a:

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researcher

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Family Systems Therapy attempts to modify the family's customary:

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triangulated system

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True or False: In his therapeutic approach, Bowen may choose to work with the less-differentiated partner

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False

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Bowen did not encouraged back home visits in order to:

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settle old scores with parents change the family's hierarchical power structure monitor distressing emotional patterns with one's family

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Bowen's work with families tended to be:

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calm and low-key

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One goal in Family Systems Therapy is for each family member to:

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maximize self-differentiation

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Boszormenyi-Nagy's therapeutic approach calls attention to family:

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relational ethics

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Common terms used by experiential family therapists does not include ______________.

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unconscious

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Generally speaking, experiential therapists provide a _______ therapeutic experience

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non-rational

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The newest form of experiential family therapy is:

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Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy

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Experiential therapists are especially critical of:

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intellectualization

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Family Sculpting is a:

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a nonverbal communication method

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In Whitaker's view of psychotherapy, both therapist and client(s):

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regress

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Which therapeutic technique is frequently employed by Symbolic-experiential therapists?

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co-therapy

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Whitaker conceptualizes schizophrenia as:

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an intrapsychic and interpersonal dilemma

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Whittiker thought in order to be beneficial to the client, the therapist must

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attempt to benefit himself at the same time

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The fundamental curative factors in psychotherapy, according to Whitaker, are:

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symbolic

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For symbolic-experiential therapists, the focus of therapy is:

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the process during the session

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In Whitaker's therapeutic approach, it is essential that the therapist win the battle for:

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structure

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According to Whitaker, the battle for initiative must:

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come from the family

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The therapist's role in Gestalt Family therapy is to help clients:

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become aware of what they do to block achieving what they want

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Nothing exists except in the now. This statement was likely made by a:

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Gestalt therapist

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Humanistically-oriented therapists view dysfunctional behavior as:

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a deficit in growth

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Does Satir deal with the unconscious conflict in a person?

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No. Experiential therapists don't usually deal with the unconscious.

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The primary survival triad, according to Satir, refers to:

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father, mother, child

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Satir suggests that people handle their communications with one another by playing one of five roles. What are they?

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super-reasonable, blaming, placating, distracting, leveling

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In Satir's classification of communication stances, blamers are considered to be struggling with feelings of:

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worthlessness

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The authors consider Satir's primary talents to be:

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therapist and trainer

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The Family Life Fact Chronology is essentially:

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a review of key events throughout the family's life cycle to date

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The attempt to guide clients into unlocking dysfunctional patterns stemming from their family of origin is called:

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Family Reconstruction

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Satir's ___________ style with families has been studied by Bandler, Grinder and Satir:

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linguistic

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Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy attempts to integrate what two psychological perspectives?

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experiential and systems thinking

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Emotionally-focused therapeutic efforts are:

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an outgrowth of humanistic therapies

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Emotionally-focused therapists first try to:

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help couples identify negative interactions

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True or False: EFT is cool and cerebral

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false

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Which theory is basic to EFCT?

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attachment theory

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Of all of the experiential models described in the text, which offers a manual for conducting sessions?

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Emotionally-Focused

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Name Bowen's 8 Concepts

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Differentiation of Self Triangles Nuclear Family Emotional System Family Projection Process Multigenerational Transmission Process Emotional Cutoff Sibling position Societal Regression

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Differentiation of self

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The extent to which a person is able to distinguish between the intellectual process and the feeling process of what he or she is experiencing. EX: You stay in the closet to avoid confrontation (intrapersonal) OR Somebody who says, "This is how we've always done it." (interpersonal)

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Triangles

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When a certain moderate anxiety level is reached, one or both partners often will involve a vulnerable third person. EX: A couple that is fighting and one partner tells the friend about their stressful relationship but then once they've vented they go back to their other partner and make up.

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Nuclear family emotional system

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The concept of the nuclear family emotional system describes four basic relationship patterns that govern where problems develop in a family. 1) Marital Conflict: One spouse tends to externalize their stress and it manifests as blaming, moody/bitchy, 2) Dysfunction in one's spouse: passive aggressive/if you're in a fight and someone gives up and you get your way, you believe you have the most power. 3) Impairment on one or more children: The child who gets triangulated (and thinks he) has the job of holding the marriage together. 4) Emotional Distance: One session your client gets really close to the therapist, and the next they are either cold or cancel to maintain homeostasis.

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Family Projection Process

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poorly differentiated parents, themselves immature, select as the object of their attention the most infantile of all their children, regardless of his or her birth order in the family. This child receives the parents' own low levels of differentiation and becomes that way him- or herself. Example: Parents focus on the child out of fear that there's something wrong with the child, like munchausen syndrome.

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Emotional Cutoff

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a flight of extreme emotional distancing in order to break emotional ties—and not true emancipation. In Bowen's formulation, cutting oneself off emotionally from one's family of origin often represents a desperate effort to deal with unresolved fusion with one or both parents—a way of managing the unresolved emotional attachment to them. EXAMPLE: daughter cut off from father, therefore the daughter gets enmeshed with her son.

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Multigenerational transmission process

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Severe dysfunction is conceptualized as the result of chronic anxiety transmitted over several generations.As basic levels of differentiation increase and decrease down through the generations, the reactivity of the individual and the family unit varies accordingly. EXAMPLE: Transgenerational anxiety can lead to larger problem in future, such as schizophrenia when passed down through generations and getting fractured over and over.

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Sibling position -

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hildren develop certain fixed personality characteristics based on their birth order in the family. He offered ten basic personality sibling profiles (such as older brother, younger sister; younger brother, older sister; only child; twins), suggesting that the more closely a marriage duplicates one's sibling place in childhood, the better will be its chance of success Example: First born marries second born

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Societal regression / Societal emotional process

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Society, like the family, contains within it opposing forces toward undifferentiation and toward individuation. Under conditions of chronic stress (population growth, depletion of natural resources) and thus an anxious social climate, there is likely to be a surge of togetherness and a corresponding erosion of the forces intent on achieving individuation. The result, thought Bowen, was likely to be greater discomfort and further anxiety EXAMPLE: 9/11, Trump, Iraq/Afghanistan, Holocaust

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System

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a set of objects of elements in interaction to achieve a specific goal, the relationships between family members rather than on the characteristics of individuals in the family. Overall the function of a system is to convert or process energy, information or materials

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OPEN SYSTEMS

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open boundaries through which information can flow into the system and out from the system. Open systems can adapt more readily to internal or environmental demands.

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CLOSED SYSTEMS

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more rigid boundaries. Information does not flow easily making adaptability difficult if not imposable. In closed systems, feedback is not available in order for the system to correct itself to be more responsive to internal or external demands. This system can become very isolated.

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NEGENTROPY (Open System)

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the tendency to move toward maximum order.

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ENTROPY (Closed system)

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regress gradually, decay due to lack of input thus prone to dysfunction, disorder and prolonged stress

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Wholeness

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demonstrated by the members' or an observer's ability to say who is "in" and who is not

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Non Summativity

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Whole is greater than sum of its parts. It is the combination that counts. Parts change when they are combined, like a girl being shy around her parents but a total party animal

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Structure

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refers to an arrangement that is regular, predictable, and seems to fulfill a FUNCTION. involves power relationships, emotional closeness and distance, and/or patterns of information flow among family members.

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Subsystems

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smaller dependent parts of a larger system

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SUPRASYSTEMS

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large system that subsystems are a part of

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Organization

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dependable and highly predictable ways in which the system operates

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Function

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purpose or goal for which that system is organized. not an objective fact, but simply an interpretation in the mind of a person observing the system.

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Product

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Families produce anxiety or a lack thereof, intellectual curiosity or a lack thereof, chaos or tranquility, emotional strength or emotionally wrecks, physical adeptness or hypochondriasis, and so forth.

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Homeostasis

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not a fixed, static condition, however is a dynamic equilibrium -- there is movement and activity, but within a certain acceptable range. When activities move towards the outer limits of that acceptable range, the SELF-- REGULATING MECHANISMS are triggered to pull the system's functioning back within tolerable limit

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Self regulating mechanisms

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all the devices built into a system to keep it operating within acceptable parameters.

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Feedback

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term for information generated within the system

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Positive Feedback

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information generated within the system which increases deviation from a steady state.

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Negative Feedback

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information generated within the system which decreases deviation and keeps the system same

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Equifinality

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implies that different "causes" can lead to similar "results", and that there are many paths which end in the same place.

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Circular Causality

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every action is also a reaction.

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