BIO 213 Chapters 7-11 – Flashcards
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What make up DNA?
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Complementary pair, Phosphate group, Deoxyribose, Nitrogenous base, Hydrogen bond
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two chromosomes (AB, CD) in a cell nucleous during prophase are found. What are the relationships between ABCD?
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A is identical to B, and C is identical to D
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Intron
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RNA sequences between exons that are removed by splicing
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Exon
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RNA sequences in the primary transcript that are found in the mRNA
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largest to smallest in eukaryotic organism
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cell, chromosome, chromatid, chromatin, nucleosome, nucleotide
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phases of mitosis in chronological order
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Interphase --> prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutation?
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All (tobacco exposure, radiation, errors in meiosis & DNA replication) are causes of mutations
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Diploid means having
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2 complete sets of chromosomes
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How could triploids be generated from diploid parents?
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Nondisjunction in meiosis followed by normal fertilization
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The 2 main stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle are
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interphase and mitosis
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Why does sexual reproduction produce more genetic variability in a population?
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Offspring are a genetic mix of both parents.
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Why of the following is correct about both binary fission and mitosis?
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All answers are correct (result in genetically identical cells, replicate the DNA before the cell splits, are asexual forms of cell reproduction, result in 2 daughter cells)
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Meiosis is a process used for
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production of gametes
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1n is an abbreviation for
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haploid
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The chromosomal designation for a human male is
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XY
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The correct sequence for the phases of mitosis is
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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The replication of DNA during the eukaryotic cell cycle occurs during
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interphase
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When DNA replicates
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one strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules
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What type of RNA carries the information that specifies a protein?
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messenger RNA
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The "Central Dogma" of molecular biology described by Watson and Crick describes
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the directional flow of genetic information in cells
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The correct sequence for the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are
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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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In eukaryotic cells, sequences of mRNA removed before translation are called
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introns
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The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs
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joined by hydrogen bonds
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Mitosis is used for all of the following except
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formation of gametes
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The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells in the eukaryotic cell cycle is
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cytokinesis
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A series of nucleotides that encodes a protein product is a
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gene
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This coding DNA may have different forms, or varieties, called
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alleles
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An individual with two different versions of a gene is genetically
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heterozygous
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The only trait visible is conferred by what form of the gene?
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dominant form
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The other form of the gene that confers a trait that is only visible when the individual is genetically homozygous is
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recessive form
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An individual with two identical copies of a gene is
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homozygous
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Whatever the form, these regions are found at a specific location or,
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locus on chromosomes
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Long strands of DNA are
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chromosomes
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A cross between a man with an X-linked recessive disorder and woman that's a carrier for the disorder. What percent of their children are predicted to express the disorder?
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50%
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When there is a blend of traits, for example black fur, white fur, and grey fur, what occurs?
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Incomplete dominance
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Why are recessive X-linked traits seen more often in human males than in human females?
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Males don't have a 2nd X chromosome to mask the effects of the 1st one, and while females would need 2 of these alleles to express the recessive phenotype, males only need 1.
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Sister chromosomes always have the same alleles. (T/F)
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True
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Gene A is at the same locus on all 4 chromatids. (T/F)
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True
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An individual inherits 2 alleles for the C gene. Both alleles encode functional proteins are are fully expressed in each cell. What decribes the expression of the C gene.
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Codominance
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Classify statements related to PGD
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Tests for genetic sequences in embryos, Uses DNA probes
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Classify statements related to Genetic testing
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Tests for gentic sequences in developed individuals
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Classify statements related to Gene therapy
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Replaces faulty genes, Uses viruses
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Each person inherits DNA from two parents (T/F)
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True
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Proteins can be injected into cells to encode damaged DNA sequences (T/F)
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False
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Doctors analyze DNA sequences to screen for diseases (T/F)
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True
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Scientists use DNA sequences to determine guilt in legal cases (T/F)
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True
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DNA encodes proteins (T/F)
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True
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If a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA sequence 3 times, the resulting fragments put through electrophoresis would show __ bands on the electrophoresis gel.
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4
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What was the source of the DNA for the cloning of the Banteng cow?
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An adult male's skin cells
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What species was used as the source of the egg for the Banteng calf?
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ordinary beef cows
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Although cloning endangered animals may increase the population size of the Banteng cattle, it will not increase the genetic diversity of the species. (T/F)
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True
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DNA technology can result in
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All (detection of DNA at a crime scene, cloned pets, tomatoes with an added gene that slows rate of decay, removal of genetic disorders)
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Application of DNA technology may result in negative effects, including
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All (cancer, unwanted immune responses, insertion into an incorrect location in a chromosome, creating two much of a cellular product)
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Which of the following is used to replace faulty DNA by introducing alleles which do not result in a genetic disorder?
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Gene Therapy
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Genetically modified bacteria are responsible for producing
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All (amino acid phenylalanine used in the artificial sweetener aspartame, human insulin to treat diabetes, fertility hormones for humans, blood clotting factors to treat hemophilia)
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All of the human genome encodes proteins. (T/F)
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False
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if the gene for a genetic disorder has the DNA sequence AATCGACTACCGTA, the DNA probe has
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TTAGCTGATGGCAT
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Which is NOT an ethical issue surrounding the use of DNA technology in human medicine?
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May reduce human suffering through elimination of genetic disorders.
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Cloning through DNA technology is most similar to
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asexual reproduction
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The Taq ______ enzyme is used in PCR because it remains stable at high temperatures.
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DNA polymerase
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A transgenic organism that receives all of its genes from only a single parent. (T/F)
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False
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DNA technology
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Manipulation of genes for practical purpose
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Name 3 or more fields DNA Technology is useful
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criminal justice, medicine, evolutionary bio, agriculture, etc.
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Recombinant DNA
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Genetic material spliced together from multiple sources
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Transgenic Organism
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Containing DNA from multiple species
